冠狀動脈疾病
冠狀動脈疾病(coronary artery disease,CAD)簡稱冠脈病[11][12],是冠狀動脈結構和(或)功能異常,引起冠脈狹窄、痙攣、閉塞、動脈瘤、夾層的疾病[13][14][15]。冠脈病最常見由粥樣硬化引起,其他尚有因痙攣、栓塞、炎症,及先天畸形等所致。由於冠脈病使心肌的血流灌注降低,輕可導致胸痛(心絞痛),重則引起心臟病發作(心肌梗死)。
冠狀動脈疾病 coronary artery disease | |
---|---|
又稱 | Atherosclerotic heart disease,[1]atherosclerotic vascular disease,[2]coronary heart disease[3] |
冠狀動脈粥樣(atherosclerosis)硬化示意圖 | |
症狀 | 胸痛、呼吸困難[4] |
併發症 | 心臟衰竭、心律不整[5] |
類型 | 動脈疾病[*]、心血管疾病、疾病 |
病因 | 心臟的動脈 粥樣硬化[6] |
風險因素 | 高血壓、吸煙、糖尿病、缺乏運動、肥胖症、高膽固醇血症[6] |
診斷方法 | 心電圖、心臟壓力測試, 冠狀動脈血管電腦斷層掃描, 冠狀動脈血管攝影 |
預防 | 健康的飲食、規律運動、維持健康的體重、不吸煙[7] |
治療 | 經皮冠狀動脈介入治療 (PCI), 冠狀動脈旁路移植 (CABG)[8] |
藥物 | 阿士匹靈, β受體阻滯劑, 硝酸甘油[8] |
盛行率 | 1.1 億 (2015)[9] |
死亡數 | |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 心臟病學、心臟外科 |
ICD-9-CM | 410-414.99、414.0、414.9、414.00 |
OMIM | 300464、607339、608316、608318、608320、610947、611139、612030、614293 |
MedlinePlus | 007115 |
eMedicine | 349040 |
冠狀動脈心臟病(coronary heart disease,CHD[16][17])簡稱冠心病,是造成心肌缺血和(或)梗死的一組臨床綜合症,屬於最常見的心血管疾病[18]。
臨床上,冠脈病與冠心病兩者範圍常重疊且混用,但前者不一定具有心肌缺血或梗死,且可為後者的早期病變。簡言之,冠脈病含蓋範圍較廣,冠心病屬於一種冠脈病[19]。冠脈病或冠心病有許多異名或近義詞,如:心肌缺血(myocardial ischemia)、缺血性心臟病(ischemic heart disease,IHD)[20]、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化心臟病(coronary atherosclerotic heart disease,CAHD)[21][22]、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化心血管疾病[23]等等。
症狀
常見的症狀包括胸痛或不適,有時會轉移到肩膀、手臂、背部、頸部或下顎。有些人可能會有胸口灼熱的感覺。通常症狀在運動或情緒壓力下出現,持續時間不超過數分鐘且休息會緩解。有時會伴隨呼吸困難,有時則是毫無症狀[4]。少數人以心肌梗塞為最初的表現。其他可能的併發症包含心臟衰竭或心律不整[5]。
成因與診斷
危險因子包括:高血壓、抽煙、糖尿病、缺乏運動、肥胖、血液中膽固醇含量過高、營養不良和酗酒等[6][25]。其他的危險因子也包括憂鬱症[26]。潛在的病理機制與冠狀動脈血管的粥狀硬化有關[6]。心電圖、心臟壓力測試與冠狀動脈血管攝影(一種血管攝影)是常見有助於診斷的工具[27]。
預防與治療
預防方式包括:健康飲食、規律運動、體重控制以及戒煙[7]。視情況合併使用藥物控制高血糖、高膽固醇或高血壓[7]。只有很有限的證據支持對低風險且沒有症狀的民眾實施篩檢[28]。
由於冠狀動脈是主動脈的分支,負責供應足夠氧和營養素予心肌,當冠狀動脈被膽固醇或血凝塊阻塞時,會形成斑塊而引致心臟供血不足。最初治療和預防措施一樣,包括生活方式調整以及三高(高血糖、高膽固醇或高血壓)的控制[8][29]。進一步的藥物治療包括阿士匹靈、乙型交感神經阻斷劑或硝酸甘油的醫療用途[8]。在病況較嚴重的情形下,會考慮進行經皮冠狀動脈介入治療或是冠狀動脈繞道手術[8][30]。對於穩定型心絞痛,經皮冠狀動脈介入治療或是冠狀動脈繞道手術,對於提升存活年限或降低未來心臟病發的效果仍不明確[31]。
冠狀動脈球囊粵語稱「通波仔」,冠狀動脈球囊成形術是以氣球(球囊)擴張冠狀動脈,使之暢通。若冠狀動脈血液被嚴重阻塞,可引致很嚴重的後果。血液不能供應到心臟會引致劇烈的心絞痛,然後心臟會衰竭,最嚴重的可導致死亡。當冠心病發作時,須立即口含醫師處方的「脷底丸」(粵語舌下丸之義),其可擴張血管,以增加冠狀動脈血流量。冠心病發作可引致嚴重後果,應立即叫救護車求助。
健康的生活方式
- 卡德維爾·愛色斯坦與科林·坎貝爾證明,素食對改善冠心病和動脈硬化有很大效果。他們的同事也從許多研究中確認,素食使得許多患者的病情得以停止發展,甚至出現好轉[32][33]。此類建議(增加素食,減少葷菜)已經在至少50年前就被提出了[34][35]。
- 控制體重
- 停止吸煙、酗酒
- 鍛煉
- 適量的魚油(尤其是海魚,如金槍魚、三文魚)攝入,以補充ω−3脂肪酸[36]
藥物治療
手術治療
流行病學
冠狀動脈疾病在西元2002年是全球第一大死因[38],也是人們住院的主要原因之一[39]。2013年也是全球死因首位,死亡人數自1990年574萬人(12%)攀升至2013年814萬人(16.8%)[18]。而隨着診斷及治療技術進步,經年齡校正後的冠狀動脈疾病死亡率自1980年至2010年則呈現下降趨勢,尤其在發達國家更為顯著[40]。同時經年齡校正後的冠狀動脈疾病病例數在1990至2010年間亦呈現下降趨勢[41]。根據美國本土於2010年統計,冠狀動脈疾病盛行率於大於65歲族群為20%、45至64歲為7%、18至45歲為1.3%。針對同一年齡層相比,男性的發生率較女性高[42]。
參考資料
- ^ Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention. Southern Cross Healthcare Group. [15 September 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2014年3月3日).
- ^ Faxon, David P.; Creager, Mark A.; Smith, Sidney C.; Pasternak, Richard C.; Olin, Jeffrey W.; Bettmann, Michael A.; Criqui, Michael H.; Milani, Richard V.; Loscalzo, Joseph; Kaufman, John A.; Jones, Daniel W. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Executive Summary: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference Proceeding for Healthcare Professionals From a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004-06, 109 (21) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0009-7322. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128517.52533.DB. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-13) (英語).
- ^ Coronary heart disease. NIH. [15 September 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2013-09-12).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?. NHLBI, NIH. September 29, 2014 [23 February 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-24).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). cdc.gov. March 12, 2013 [23 February 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-02).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Mendis, Shanthi; Puska,, Pekka; Norrving, Bo. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control (PDF) 1st. Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. 2011: 3–18 [2015-03-29]. ISBN 9789241564373. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-08-17).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 How Can Coronary Heart Disease Be Prevented or Delayed?. NHLBI, NIH. [25 February 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-24).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 How Is Coronary Heart Disease Treated?. NHLBI, NIH. September 29, 2014 [25 February 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-24).
- ^ Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-07) (英語).
- ^ Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053). ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 (英語).
- ^ 許傑. 临床疾病概要. 重慶大學電子音像出版社有限公司. 2022: 22. ISBN 9787568932394.
- ^ 揚威, 王俊. "多支冠脈病的治療選擇: CABGvs. DES-PCI." 中國繼續醫學教育 4 (2009): 43-43.
- ^ Shaw, Leslee J., et al. "Sex differences in mortality associated with computed tomographic angiographic measurements of obstructive and nonobstructive coronary artery disease: an exploratory analysis." Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging 3.4 (2010): 473-481.
- ^ Makarović, Zorin, et al. "Nonobstructive coronary artery disease–Clinical relevance, diagnosis, management and proposal of new pathophysiological classification." Acta Clinica Croatica 57.3. (2018): 528-540.
- ^ Adlam, David, et al. "Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: pitfalls of angiographic diagnosis and an approach to ambiguous cases." Cardiovascular Interventions 14.16 (2021): 1743-1756.
- ^ Shaya GE, Leucker TM, Jones SR, Martin SS, Toth PP. Coronary heart disease risk: Low-density lipoprotein and beyond. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2022 May;32(4):181-194. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.04.002. Epub 2021 Apr 17. PMID 33872757.
- ^ Coronary heart disease. ADAM. [15 September 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2013-09-12).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015-01-10, 385 (9963) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-25) (英語).
- ^ 頊志敏. "正確認識冠心病和冠脈病." 中國社區醫師 27.1 (2011): 11-11.
- ^ Bhatia, Sujata K. Biomaterials for clinical applications Online-Ausg. New York: Springer. 2010: 23 [2015-03-29]. ISBN 9781441969200. (原始內容存檔於2014-11-02).
- ^ Sun T, Chen M, Shen H, PingYin, Fan L, Chen X, Wu J, Xu Z, Zhang J. Predictive value of LDL/HDL ratio in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022 Jun 17;22(1):273. doi: 10.1186/s12872-022-02706-6. PMID 35715736; PMCID: PMC9206383.
- ^ Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention. Southern Cross Healthcare Group. [15 September 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-04).
- ^ Faxon, David P.; Creager, Mark A.; Smith, Sidney C.; Pasternak, Richard C.; Olin, Jeffrey W.; Bettmann, Michael A.; Criqui, Michael H.; Milani, Richard V.; Loscalzo, Joseph; Kaufman, John A.; Jones, Daniel W. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference. Circulation. 2004-06-01, 109 (21) [2022-11-13]. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128517.52533.DB. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-13).
- ^ Wong, Nathan D. Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2014-05, 11 (5) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 1759-5002. PMID 24663092. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2014.26. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-13) (英語).
- ^ Mehta, Puja K.; Wei, Janet; Wenger, Nanette K. Ischemic heart disease in women: A focus on risk factors. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2015-02-01, 25 (2) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 1050-1738. PMC 4336825 . PMID 25453985. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-11) (英語).
- ^ Charlson, Fiona J.; Moran, Andrew E.; Freedman, Greg; Norman, Rosana E.; Stapelberg, Nicolas JC; Baxter, Amanda J.; Vos, Theo; Whiteford, Harvey A. The contribution of major depression to the global burden of ischemic heart disease: a comparative risk assessment. BMC Medicine. 2013-11-26, 11 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 4222499 . PMID 24274053. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-250. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-28).
- ^ How Is Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosed?. NHLBI, NIH. September 29, 2014 [25 February 2015].[永久失效連結]
- ^ Desai, Chintan S.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Greenland, Philip. Screening low-risk individuals for coronary artery disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2014-04, 16 (4). ISSN 1534-6242. PMID 24522859. doi:10.1007/s11883-014-0402-8.
- ^ Boden, William E.; Franklin, Barry; Berra, Kathy; Haskell, William L.; Calfas, Karen J.; Zimmerman, Franklin H.; Wenger, Nanette K. Exercise as a therapeutic intervention in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: an underfilled prescription. The American Journal of Medicine. 2014-10, 127 (10) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 1555-7162. PMID 24844736. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.007. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-13).
- ^ Deb, Saswata; Wijeysundera, Harindra C.; Ko, Dennis T.; Tsubota, Hideki; Hill, Samantha; Fremes, Stephen E. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery vs percutaneous interventions in coronary revascularization: a systematic review. JAMA. 2013-11-20, 310 (19). ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 24240936. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281718.
- ^ Rezende, Paulo Cury. Conservative strategy for treatment of stable coronary artery disease. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2015, 3 (2) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 2307-8960. PMC 4317610 . PMID 25685763. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i2.163. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-13) (英語).
- ^ Resolving the Coronary Artery Disease Epidemic through Plant-Based Nutrition. [2012-01-31]. (原始內容存檔於2012-01-06).
- ^ Preventive Cardiology; 2001; 4: p171-177
- ^ Morrison, Lester M. DIET IN CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1960-06-25, 173 (8). ISSN 0002-9955. doi:10.1001/jama.1960.03020260024006 (英語).
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Coronary artery disease: Treatments and drugs. MayoClinic.com. [2012-01-31]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-19).
- ^ Fish oil: MedlinePlus Supplements. [2012-01-31]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-05).
- ^ 袁景昊, 汪雁博, 谷新順. 急性冠狀動脈綜合症患者雙聯抗血小板治療期間消化道出血的認識及研究進展 [J] . 中國心血管雜誌,2020,25 (05): 508-512. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2020.05.024
- ^ Finegold, Judith A.; Asaria, Perviz; Francis, Darrel P. Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: Statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013-09-30, 168 (2). ISSN 0167-5273. PMC 3819990 . PMID 23218570. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.046 (英語).
- ^ World Health Organization Department of Health Statistics and Informatics in the Information, Evidence and Research Cluster. The global burden of disease 2004 update. Geneva: WHO. 2004. ISBN 92-4-156371-0.
- ^ Moran, Andrew E.; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Roth, Gregory A.; Mensah, George A.; Ezzati, Majid; Murray, Christopher J.L.; Naghavi, Mohsen. Temporal Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in 21 World Regions, 1980 to 2010: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation. 2014-04-08, 129 (14) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0009-7322. PMC 4181359 . PMID 24573352. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004042. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-13) (英語).
- ^ Moran, Andrew E.; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Roth, Gregory A.; Mensah, George A.; Ezzati, Majid; Flaxman, Abraham; Murray, Christopher J.L.; Naghavi, Mohsen. The Global Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease in 1990 and 2010: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation. 2014-04-08, 129 (14) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0009-7322. PMC 4181601 . PMID 24573351. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004046. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-26) (英語).
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of coronary heart disease--United States, 2006-2010. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2011-10-14, 60 (40) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 1545-861X. PMID 21993341. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-27).
外部連結
- Risk Assessment of having a heart attack or dying of coronary artery disease, from the American Heart Association.
- Coronary Artery Disease. MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2022-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-29).