單倍群NO
單倍群NO（NO-M214）是一個Y染色體DNA單倍群，是單倍群K2a1(K-M2313)唯一的子單倍群，約4-5萬年前起源於東亞或東南亞，有兩個分支：單倍群N和單倍群O。[6]
| 單倍群NO | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 起源時間 | 約4.5萬年前 (NO/NO1, 基於YFull 2017,[1] 以及以前的估計：41,500 [95% CI 37,400 <-> 45,600] 年前,[2] 48,871 [95% CI 37,095 <-> 58,831] 年前,[3] 和50,800 或 43,500 年前[4]) |
| 共祖年代 | Circa 41,500 – 40,067 years BP (NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017,[1] and previous estimates of: 36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] years BP,[2] 41,900 [31,294 <-> 51,202] years BP,[3] and 44,700 or 38,300 years BP depending on mutation rate[4]) |
| 起源地 | 東亞或東南亞[5][6][7] |
| 上游單倍群 | 單倍群K2a1 (M2313/Z4858) |
| 下游單倍群 | 單倍群N (M231)和單倍群O (M175)[8] |
| 對應突變 | M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572[1][6] |
單倍群NO現今極少發現，兩個子單倍群：單倍群N主要分佈於北歐、東歐、西伯利亞、東亞等，單倍群O主要分佈於東亞、東南亞、太平洋島嶼、馬達加斯加島等。[6]
其他
| Y染色體最近共同祖先 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b | A1a-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A2-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT | K(xLT) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | M | NO | P | S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O | N | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (9 December 2017); PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (9 December 2017); GeneticHomeland.com, 2016, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y V4208 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (9 December 2017).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 YFull （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. ", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. 2015, 25 (4): 459–466. PMC 4381518
. PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics vol. 48, no. 6 (June): pp. 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
- ^ Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 15 (2): 204–211. PMID 17149388. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" Nature Genetics （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, no. 48, pp. 593–599.
- ^ 『DNA・考古・言語の學際研究が示す新・日本列島史 日本人集団・日本語の成立史』
- ^ ISOGG, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2018 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (17 January 2018).
