堇菜屬

堇菜屬
	香堇菜
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支：	薔薇類植物 Rosids
目：	金虎尾目 Malpighiales
科：	堇菜科 Violaceae
屬：	堇菜屬 Viola; L., 1753
種
	見正文
異名
	Chrysion Spach ; Cittaronium Rchb. ; Crocion Nieuwl. ; Dischidium Rchb. ; Erpetion DC. ex Sweet ; Grammeionium Rchb. ; Ion Medik. ; Jacea Opiz ; Lophion Spach ; Mnemion Spach ; Oionychion Nieuwl. ;

堇菜屬（學名：Viola）是堇菜科下最大的一屬植物，約500種，分佈於全世界，主產地在北溫帶，此外在夏威夷、大洋洲以及南美洲安第斯山脈亦有分佈^[1]。大多為多年生草本，少數為一年生或灌木。該屬植物大多具有兩型閉花受精現象^[2]。

屬名Viola源於拉丁語viola，即堇菜，這個詞常被誤譯成紫羅蘭，因此容易與上項混淆。例如用於製作「紫羅蘭香水」的「紫羅蘭」實際上是香堇菜。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：^[3]

Viola abbreviata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
埃塞俄比亞堇菜 Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv.
Viola acanthophylla Leyb. ex Reiche
Viola acanthophylla Leyb., 1873
Viola accrescens Klokov
Viola acrocerauniensis Erben
雞腿堇菜 Viola acuminata Ledeb.
尖葉堇菜 Viola acutifolia (Kar. & Kir.) W.Becker
岩生堇菜 Viola adenothrix Hayata
Viola adunca Sm.
Viola adunca var. adunca × Viola labradorica Linnaeus
Viola aethnensis (Ging.) Strobl
Viola aethnensis Parl.
埃托利亞堇菜 Viola aetolica Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola affinis Leconte
Viola aguilaris Sennen & Gonzalo
Viola aizoon Reiche
帕米爾堇菜 Viola alaica Vved.
Viola alba Besser
Viola alba × collina
Viola alba × hirta
Viola alba × odorata
Viola alba × hirta
Viola alba × odorata
朝鮮堇菜 Viola albida Palib.
Viola alburnica Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker) Juz.
Viola alexejana Kamelin & Junussov
Viola algida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819
Viola algida Kunth ex Schult.
Viola allchariensis Beck
Viola alliariifolia Nakai
Viola allionii Hegetschw.
Viola allochroa Botsch.
Viola alpestris Hegetschw.
高山堇菜 Viola alpina Jacq.
阿爾泰堇菜 Viola altaica KerGawl.
奄美堇菜 Viola amamiana Hatus.
Viola amani Post
Viola ambigua Barceló
Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit.
Viola amiatina Ricceri & Moraldo
額穆爾堇菜 Viola amurica
Viola anagae Gilli
Viola andersonii Greene
Viola andina W.Becker
Viola andrasovszkyi Jávorka, 1921
Viola angkae Craib
Viola angustifolia Phil.
Viola anisopetala Greene
Viola anitae J.M.Watson
越南堇菜 Viola annamensis Baker fil.
Viola anodonta Greene
Viola anomala Kit. ex Colla
阿波山堇菜 Viola apoensis Elmer
Viola araucaniae W.Becker
Viola arborescens L.
Viola arcuata Blume
Viola argenteria Moraldo & Forneris
阿根廷堇菜 Viola argentina W.Becker
Viola argentinensis Speg.
Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult.
Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Viola arsenica Beck
野生堇菜 Viola arvensis Murray
Viola arvensis × cornuta
Viola arvensis × tricolor
Viola arvensis × wittrockiana
Viola arvensoides Strobl
Viola athois W.Becker
Viola atropurpurea Leyb.
Viola aurantiaca Leyb.
Viola aurata Phil.
Viola auricolor Skottsb.
具耳堇菜 Viola auriculata Leyb.
華南堇菜 Viola austrosinensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
滇南堇菜 Viola austroyunnanensis Y.S. Chen, 2023^[4]
Viola awagatakensis T.Yamaz., I.Ito & Ageishi
Viola babunensis Erben
Viola bakeri Greene
Viola balansae Gagnep.
Viola balcanica Delip.
鹽源堇菜 Viola bambusetorum
Viola bangii Rusby
積雪草葉堇菜 Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober
寶山堇菜 Viola baoshanensis W.S.Shu, W.Liu & C.Y.Lan
Viola barhalensis G.Knoche & Marcussen
Viola barkalovii Bezd.
Viola barroetana W.Schaffn.
Viola barroetana W.Schaffn. ex Hemsl.
Viola baxteri House
Viola beamanii Calderón
Viola beati J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola beckeriana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola beckiana Fiala
Viola beckiana Fiala ex Beck
Viola beckwithii A.Heller
Viola beckwithii
Torr. & A.Gray
- Viola beckwithii × utahensis
槍葉堇菜 Viola belophylla Boissieu
Viola bertolonii Pio
Viola besseri Rupr.
戟葉堇菜 Viola betonicifolia Sm.
不丹堇菜 Viola bhutanica Hara
雙色堇菜 Viola bicolor Pursh
雙花堇菜 Viola biflora
L.
- Viola biflora var. carlottae × Viola glabella
Viola bilczensis Blocki
Viola binayensis Okamoto & K.Ueda
Viola bissetii Maxim.
Viola biturigensis Boreau ex Déségl.
Viola blanda Schott
Viola blanda Willd.
Viola blandaeformis Nakai, 1925
Viola blaxlandii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola bocquetiana Yild.
姫深山堇菜 Viola boissieuana Makino
玻利維亞堇菜 Viola boliviana Britton
Viola bornmuelleri Erben
Viola bourgaei Rouy
興安圓葉堇菜 Viola brachyceras
Viola brachypetala Gay
短葉堇菜 Viola brachyphylla W.Becker
Viola brevicaulis Raeusch.
短花堇菜 Viola breviflora Jungsim Lee & M.Kim
Viola brevistipulata (Fr. & Sav.) W.Becker
Viola bridgesii Britton
Viola brittoniana Pollard
Viola brooksii Kellogg
Viola bruneauniana Bailly
Viola bubanii Timb.-Lagr.
Viola buchteinii Gand.
Viola buchtienii Gand.
鱗莖堇菜 Viola bulbosa Maxim.
Viola bungeana Rupr.
Viola bustillosia Gay
Viola caflishii Woerl.
Viola calabra (A.Terracc.) Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola calamaria Steud.
距瓣堇菜 Viola calcarata L.
Viola calcarata Sm., 1806
Viola calchaquiensis W.Becker
喜鈣堇菜 Viola calcicola R.A.McCauley & H.E.Ballard
Viola calderensis W.Becker
Viola caleyana G.Don
Viola californica Greene
Viola calthifolia Poir.
闊紫葉堇菜 Viola cameleo H.Boissieu
加拿大堇菜 Viola canadensis L.
灰堇菜 Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb.
犬堇菜 Viola canina L.
Viola canobarbata Leyb.
Viola capillaris Pers.
Viola cardaminifolia Greene, 1901
Viola caspia (Rupr.) Freyn
Viola cassinensis Strobl
Viola castillonii (W.Becker) Xifreda & Sanso
高加索堇菜 Viola caucasica (Rupr.) Kolen. ex Juz.
Viola caucasica Kolen.
Viola caucasica Kolen. ex Rupr.
Viola cazorlensis Gand.
Viola cenisia L.
Viola centellifolia Greene
Viola cephalonica Bornm.
Viola cerasifolia A.St.-Hil.
Viola cervatiana Ricceri & Moraldo
南山堇菜 Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W.Becker
Viola chamaedrys Leyb.
Viola chamissoniana Ging.
張氏堇菜 Viola changii J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing
Viola charlestonensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen ex Clokey
Viola charophylloides (Regal) W.Becker
Viola chassanica Kork.
Viola cheelooi Jacot Guill.
Viola cheeseana J.M.Watson
Viola cheiranthifolia Humb. & Bonpl.
Viola cheiranthifolia Kunth
Viola chejuensis Y.N.Lee & Y.C.Oh
Viola chelmea Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker
Viola chinoi
Viola christii F.O.Wolf
Viola christii W.Wolf
Viola cilentana Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola cilicica Contandr. & Quézel
Viola ciliolata Schltr.
Viola cinerea Boiss.
Viola clarkae A.Nelson, 1912
Viola clauseniana Baker
Viola clementiana Boiss.
Viola cochleata Coincy
Viola cochranei H.E.Ballard
球果堇菜 Viola collina
Besser
- Viola collina × hirta
- Viola collina × hirta x odorata
- Viola collina × odorata
- Viola collina × hirta
- Viola collina × odorata
Viola colubrina Wedd. ex W.Becker
Viola columnaris Skottsb.
Viola commersonii DC.
Viola commersonii DC. ex Ging.
Viola communis Pollard
Viola commutata Waisb.
Viola comollia Massara
Viola comollia Messara
Viola concolor E.H.L.Krause
心葉堇菜 Viola concordifolia C.J.Wang
密葉堇菜 Viola confertifolia Chang
短毛堇菜 Viola confusa
密花堇菜 Viola congesta Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
Viola congesta Gillies, 1833
Viola consanguinea Schott
角堇菜 Viola cornuta L.
Viola coronifera W.Becker
Viola corralensis Phil.
科西嘉堇菜 Viola corsica Jord.
Viola corsica Nyman
Viola cotyledon Ging.
高嶺堇菜 Viola crassa (Makino) Makino
厚葉堇菜 Viola crassifolia Fenzl
Viola crassiuscula Bory
Viola cryana Gillot
Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández
Viola cucullata Aiton
Viola cucullifolia Wender.
Viola cucullifolia Wender. ex Steud.
Viola cuicochensis Hieron.
Viola culminis F.Fen. & Moraldo
Viola cuneata S.Watson
Viola cunninghamii Hook.fil.
Viola curicoensis W.Becker
Viola curtisiae (L.G.Adams) K.R.Thiele
Viola curvicalcarata W.Becker & H.Boissieu
鄂西堇菜 Viola cuspidifolia W.Becker
Viola cyathiformis W.Becker
Viola czemalensis Zuev
Viola dacica Borbás
掌葉堇菜 Viola dactyloides Roem. & Schult.
Viola dalatensis Gagnep.
Viola dandoisiorum J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola danielae Pînzaru
粗毛葉堇菜 Viola dasyphylla W.Becker
深圓齒堇菜 Viola davidii Franch.
Viola davisiae House
Viola debilis Pursh
Viola decipiens Reiche
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
Viola decora Formánek
Viola decumbens L.fil.
Viola delabordii
灰葉堇菜 Viola delavayi Franch.
Viola delphinantha Boiss.
Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss.
Viola denarieana Beauverd
Viola denizliensis O.D.Dücen, Göktürk, U.Sarpkaya & B.Gürcan
Viola dentriculosa Pollard
大葉堇菜 Viola diamantiaca Nakai
Viola diandra L.
Viola dichroa Boiss. & A.Huet
七星蓮 Viola diffusa Ging. ex DC.
光蔓莖堇菜 Viola diffusoides
輪葉堇菜 Viola dimorphophylla Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola dioszegiana Borbás
Viola dirimliensis Blaxland
Viola dirphya A.Tiniakou
Viola disjuncta W.Becker
裂葉堇菜 Viola dissecta Ledeb.
異葉堇菜 Viola diversifolia (Ging.) W.Becker
Viola doerfleri Degen
長距堇菜 Viola dolichoceras
Viola dombeyana DC. ex Ging.
Viola domeykoana Gay
Viola domingensis Urb.
Viola douglasii Steud.
Viola dravica Murr
Viola dubia E.H.L.Krause
Viola dubyana Burnat ex Gremli
紫點堇菜 Viola duclouxii W.Becker
Viola dukadjinica W.Becker & Kogan.
Viola dumoulinii Groner
Viola dyris Maire
Viola eburnea Gerbault
Viola ecuadorensis W.Becker
Viola egglestonii Brainerd
Viola elata Gueldenst.
高堇菜 Viola elatior
Fr.
- Viola elatior × pumila
- Viola elatior × pumila
- Viola elatior × riviniana
- Viola elatior × stagnina
Viola elegantula Greene
Viola elegantula Schott
Viola elongata Poir.
Viola eminens K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola eminii (Engl.) Fr.
Viola eminii (Engl.) R.E.Fr.
Viola enmae P.Gonzáles
溪堇菜 Viola epipsila Ledeb.
Viola epipsila × palustris
Viola epirota (Halácsy) Raus
Viola ermenekensis Yild. & Dinç
Viola erythraeae Chiov.
Viola escarapela J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola esculenta Elliott
Viola etrusca Erben
Viola euboea (Halácsy) Halácsy
Viola eucycla Greene
Viola eugeniae Parl.
Viola eurybiifolia Greene
Viola evae Hieron.
Viola evae Hieron. ex W.Becker
Viola excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819
Viola exigua Vell.
卓越堇菜 Viola eximia Formánek
Viola exsul J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola farkasiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
長梗紫花堇菜 Viola faurieana W.Becker
Viola fedtschenkoana W.Becker
Viola ferdinandea Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola ferrarinii Moraldo & Ricceri
Viola ferreyrae P.Gonzáles
Viola filicaulis Hook.fil.
Viola fischeri W.Becker
總裂葉堇菜 Viola fissifolia Kitag.
Viola flagelliformis Hemsl.
Viola flahaultiana Sennen
南美黃堇菜 Viola flavicans Wedd.
Viola flavida Schur
Viola flettii Piper
Viola flos-evae Hieron. ex Hicken, 1922
Viola flos-idae Hieron.
Viola fluehmannii Phil.
Viola fluhmannii Phil.
Viola fontanesi Coss.
台灣堇菜 Viola formosana Hayata
羽裂堇菜 Viola forrestiana W.Becker
Viola forskaalii Greuter
Viola fragrans Sieber
Viola frank-smithii N.H.Holmgren
Viola fraterna Hegetschw.
Viola fridericae Becker
Viola friderici W.Beckcr
冷地堇菜 Viola frigida Phil.
多葉堇菜 Viola frondosa (Velen.) Hayek
Viola frusinatae Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola frutescens Phil., 1895
Viola fruticosa W.Becker
Viola fuscifolia W.Becker
Viola fuscoviolacea (L.G.Adams) T.A.James
Viola galeanaensis M.S.Baker
Viola gan-chouenensis W.Becker
Viola ganiatsasii Erben
Viola gaviolii Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola gelida J.M.Watson, M.P.Cárdenas & A.R.Flores
Viola germainii Sparre
Viola gibbosa Raf., 1818
Viola glabella Nutt.
Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl.
Viola glandularis H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg.
Viola glechomoides Leyb.
興安堇菜 Viola gmeliniana Roem. & Schult.
Viola godoyae Phil.
Viola gracilis Sibth. & Sm.
Viola gracillima A.St.-Hil.
Viola graeca (W.Becker) Halácsy
Viola grahamii Benth.
Viola granatensis Huter
Viola grandiflora Griseb.
闊萼堇菜 Viola grandisepala W.Becker
Viola granulosa Wedd.
Viola grayi Franch. & Sav.
Viola grisebachiana Vis.
紫花堇菜 Viola grypoceras A.Gray
Viola guadalupensis A.M.Powell & Wauer
廣州堇菜 Viola guangzhouensis A.Q.Dong, J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing
危地馬拉堇菜 Viola guatemalensis W.Becker
Viola guaxarensis M.Marrero, Docoito Díaz & Martín Esquivel
Viola hallii A.Gray
如意草 Viola hamiltoniana D.Don
西山堇菜 Viola hancockii W.Becker
Viola hastata Michx.
常春藤葉堇菜 Viola hederacea Labill.
紫葉堇菜 Viola hediniana W.Becker
Viola heldreichiana Boiss.
Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
Viola helenae C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
Viola helleriana W.Becker
Viola hemsleyana Calderón
巫山堇菜 Viola henryi H.Boissieu
Viola herminii Rothm.
河源堇菜 Viola heyuanensis Y.S.Huang, Q.L.Ye & Q.Fan^[5]
Viola herzogii (W.Becker) Bornm.
Viola heterophylla Muhl.
Viola hieronymi W.Becker
Viola hillii W.Becker
Viola hirsutula Brainerd
毛堇菜 Viola hirta L.，硬毛堇菜
毛柄堇菜 Viola hirtipes S.Moore
Viola hispida Lam.
Viola hissarica Juz.
Viola holubyi Schur
日本球果堇菜 Viola hondoensis W.Becker & Boissieu
Viola hookeriana Kunth
河北堇菜 Viola hopeiensis
Viola hortensis Rouy & Foucaud
光葉堇菜 Viola hossei
Viola howellii A.Gray
Viola huesoensis Martic.
Viola huidobrii Gay
Viola huidobrii W.Becker
惠州堇菜 Viola huizhouensis Y.S.Huang & Q.Fan
Viola hultenii W.Becker
Viola humifusa Vuk.
Viola humilis Kunth
Viola humillima Sennen
湖南堇菜 Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
丹霞堇菜 Viola hybanthoides W.B.Liao & Q.Fan
Viola hybrida Krock.
Viola hydrocotyloides J.B.Armstr.
Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola ilvensis (W.Becker) Arrigoni
Viola improcera L.G.Adams
Viola improvisa Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola incomparabilis Schur
長萼堇菜 Viola inconspicua Blume
印度堇菜 Viola indica W.Becker
Viola ingolensis Elisafenko
Viola ingrica M.Bieb. ex Rupr.
Viola inodora Andrz.
Viola integerrima Spreng.
Viola intertexta Beck
Viola ipecacua L.
Viola irinae Zolot.
Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quézel
Viola italica Voigt ex Bailly
Viola ivonis Erben
屋久島堇菜 Viola iwagawae Makino
Viola iwagawai Makino
Viola jalapaensis W.Becker
Viola jalapensis W.Becker
Viola jangiensis W.Becker
日本堇菜 Viola japonica Langsd. ex DC.，犁頭草
Viola japonica Langsd. ex Ging.
Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin.
Viola javanica W.Becker
Viola jeniseensis Zuev
井岡山堇菜 Viola jinggangshanensis Z.L.Ning & J.P.Liao
Viola joergensenii W.Becker
Viola johnstonii W.Becker
Viola jooi Janka
Viola jordanii Hanry
Viola juressi Link ex Steud., 1821
Viola kamibayahsii Nakai
Viola karakalensis Klokov
Viola karlreicheana Sanso, M.Seo & Xifreda
Viola kauaensis A.Gray
Viola kauensis A.Gray
日本圓葉堇菜 Viola keiskei Miq.
Viola kelleri W.Becker
Viola kermesina W.Becker
江西堇菜 Viola kiangsiensis W.Becker
Viola kiliensis Prahl
Viola kitaibeliana Schult.
Viola kitamiana Nakai
Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yild.
Viola kjellbergii Melch.
Viola kjellhergii Melch.
Viola kochii Kirschl.
Viola kopaonikensis Pancic ex Tomovic & Niketic
Viola korahinskyi Juz.
Viola koritnicensis Trinajstic
Viola korshinskyi Juz., 1949
福建堇菜 Viola kosanensis Hayata
Viola kosaninii (Degen) Hayek
Viola kosaninii Degen
Viola kronenburgii W.Becker
西藏堇菜 Viola kunawarensis Royle，也拼作：Viola kunawurensis
Viola kusanoana Makino
Viola kusnezowiana W.Becker
廣東堇菜 Viola kwangtungensis Melch.
Viola labiosa Sm.
Viola labradorica Schrank
Viola lactea Hegetschw.
Viola lactea Sm.
白花堇菜 Viola lactiflora Nakai
Viola lainzii P.Monts.
Viola lanaiensis W.Becker
Viola lanceifolia Schumach. & Thonn.
Viola lanceolata L.
Viola lancifolia Steud.
Viola langeana Valentine
Viola langsdorffii Fisch. ex DC.
Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch. ex Ging.
Viola lanifera W.Becker
Viola lapeyrousiana (Rouy & Foucaud) A.W.Hill
Viola largsdorflii Fisch. ex Ging.
Viola laricicola Marcussen
Viola latistipula Hemsl.
Viola latistipulata Hemsl.
Viola lehmannii W.Becker
Viola lehmannii W.Becker ex H.E.Ballard & P.Jørg.
Viola lepidia Jord.
Viola leyboldiana Phil.
蓮花山堇菜 Viola lianhuashanensis
Viola libanotica Boiss.
Viola ligustina Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Viola lilliputana Iltis & H.E.Ballard
Viola lilloana W.Becker
Viola limbarae (Merxm. & W.Lippert) Arrigoni
Viola linariifolia Vahl
Viola linguifolia Piper, 1914
Viola lithion N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren
Viola livonica Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola llullaillacoensis W.Becker
淺裂堇菜 Viola lobata Benth.
Viola lologensis (W.Becker) J.M.Watson
Viola longibracteolata P.Gonzales, Ed.Navarro & J.M.Watson, 2022^[6]
Viola longicaulis Krock.
Viola longipetiolata Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola losae Pau
亮毛堇菜 Viola lucens W.Becker
Viola lungtungensis S.S.Ying
黃堇菜 Viola lutea Huds.
Viola lyallii Hook.fil.
Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola macloskeyi
F.E.Lloyd
- Viola macloskeyi × Viola renifolia
大距堇菜 Viola macroceras Bunge
Viola maculata Cav.
Viola magellanica G.Forst.
Viola magellanica Poir.
Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl
犁頭葉堇菜 Viola magnifica Ching J.Wang ex X.D.Wang
Viola majchurensis Pissjauk.
Viola mandonii W.Becker
東北堇菜 Viola mandshurica W.Becker
貓兒山堇菜 Viola maoershanensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola marcelorosasii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola marina Bailly
Viola marina E.Vilm., 1870
Viola maroccana (Maire) Maire
Viola mauiensis H.Mann
茂麗堇菜 Viola mauritii Tepl.
Viola maviensis H.Mann
小深山堇菜 Viola maximowicziana Makino
Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson
Viola mearnsii Merr.
Viola membranacea W.Becker
Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy
Viola merrilliana W.Becker
Viola merxmuelleri Erben
Viola mesadensis W.Becker
Viola metajaponica Nakai
Viola meyerana Klokov
Viola miaolingensis Y.S.Chen
Viola micrantha Albert
Viola micrantha Porta ex Huter
Viola micranthella Wedd.
Viola microcentra W.Becker
Viola microceras Rupr.
Viola milanae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola minuscula Greene
Viola minuta M.Bieb.
Viola minutiflora Phil.
美麗堇菜 Viola mirabilis
L.，奇異堇菜
- Viola mirabilis × reichenbachiana
- Viola mirabilis × reichenbachiana x riviniana
- Viola mirabilis × riviniana
- Viola mirabilis × rupestris subsp. rupestris
Viola missouriensis Greene
Viola modesta Fenzl
Viola modestula Klokov
Viola molisana Ricceri & Moraldo
維西堇菜 Viola monbeigii W.Becker
Viola moncaunica Pau
蒙古堇菜 Viola mongolica Franch.
Viola montagnei Gay
高堇菜 Viola montana Hegetschw.
Viola montcaunica Pau
荁 Viola moupinensis Franch.
Viola mrkvickana Velen.
小尖堇菜 Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz.
Viola mudfordei Pollard
大黃花堇菜 Viola muehldorfii Kiss
木里堇菜 Viola muliensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola munbyana Boiss. & Reut.
Viola munozensis W.Becker
Viola murronensis Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola muscoides Phil.
台北堇菜 Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata，也拼作：Viola nagasawai
Viola nana (DC.) Le Jol.
南嶺堇菜 Viola nanlingensis J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing
Viola nannae R.E.Fr.
Viola nannei Pol.
Viola nantouensis S.S.Ying
Viola nassauvioides Phil.
Viola nebrodensis C.Presl
Viola nemorum Rouy & Foucaud
Viola nephrodes Raf., 1818
Viola nephrophylla Greene
Viola niederleinii W.Becker
亮葉堇菜 Viola nitida Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola nivalis Vest ex Schult.
Viola nobilis W.Becker
Viola novae-angliae House
雲霧堇菜 Viola nubigena Leyb.
裸堇菜 Viola nuda W.Becker
怒江堇菜 Viola nujiangensis Y.S.Chen & X.H.Jin
Viola nummulariifolia Vill.
Viola nuttallii Pursh
Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes
Viola obituaria J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola oblonga Blatt.
翠峰堇菜 Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino
Viola obtusa Freyn ex W.Becker, 1910
小花堇菜 Viola occulta Lehm.
Viola ocellata Torr. & A.Gray
Viola odontocalycina Boiss.
香堇菜 Viola odorata L.
Viola odorata x suavis
Viola ogawai Nakai, 1930
滇西堇菜 Viola oligoceps Chang
Viola oligyrtia A.Tiniakou
Viola orbelica Pancic
Viola orbiculata Geyer ex A.Gray
Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz.
Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Hook.
Viola oreades M.Bieb.
東方堇菜 Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker
Viola ornata P.Gonzales, Montesinos & J.M.Watson, 2022^[6]
Viola orphanidis Boiss.
Viola orthoceras Ledeb.
Viola ovalleana Phil.
Viola ovata Raf. ex DC., 1824
Viola ovatooblonga (Makino) Makino
Viola oxyodontis H.E.Ballard
Viola pachyrhizonia F.O.Wolf
Viola pachyrrhiza Boiss. & Hohen.
Viola pachysoma ^[7]
Viola pacifica Juz.
Viola painteri Rose & House
Viola palatina Y.N.Lee
Viola pallascaensis W.Becker
Viola palmaesis Knowles & Westc.
雞爪葉堇菜 Viola palmata L.
Viola palmensis Webb & Berthel.
Viola palustris L.
Viola papuana W.Becker & Pulle
Viola paradoxa Lowe
Viola pariaetariaefolia Banks ex Ging., 1824
Viola pariaetariifolia Banks ex Ging.
Viola parnassifolia Greene
Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas & Vold
Viola parva E.Adans.
Viola parvula Tineo
白花地丁 Viola patrinii DC. ex Ging.
Viola pedata L.
Viola pedatifida G.Don
Viola pedunculata Torr. & A.Gray
北京堇菜 Viola pekinensis
懸果堇菜 Viola pendulicarpa
白灣堇菜 Viola pendulipes Yan S.Huang and Q.Fan, 2023（廣東）
Viola pentadactyla Fenzl
Viola perennis Bailly
Viola perinensis W.Becker
極細堇菜 Viola perpusilla Boissieu
Viola perreniformis (L.G.Adams) R.J.Little & Leiper
Viola persicifolia Hegetschw.
Viola perstolona Borbás
Viola petelotii W.Becker ex Gagnep.
Viola petraea W.Becker
莤堇菜 Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.，茜堇菜
Viola philippiana Greene
紫花地丁 Viola philippica Cav.
Viola philippii Leyb.
Viola phitosiana Erben
Viola physaloides Greene
Viola picta Gillot
匍匐堇菜 Viola pilosa Blume
松林堇菜 Viola pinetorum Greene
Viola pinnata L.
Viola pinnatifida All.
Viola pitouchaoensis S.S.Ying
Viola placida W.Becker
Viola plenigeri Formánek
Viola pluviae Marcussen, H.E.Ballard & Blaxland
Viola podolica Andrz.
Viola podolica Andrz. ex Trautv.
Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner
Viola polycephala H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg.
多型堇菜 Viola polymorpha
Viola polyodonta W.Becker
Viola polypoda Turcz.
Viola pomelii Sennen & Mauricio
Viola popetae Sparre
Viola porphyrea Uechtr. ex Garcke
Viola portalesia Gay
Viola portulacea Leyb.
Viola praemorsa Douglas
Viola praemorsa Douglas ex Lindley
Viola prenja Beck
銳葉堇菜 Viola pricei W. Becker
Viola primorskajensis (W.Becker) Vorosch.
Viola primulifolia L.
柔毛堇菜 Viola principis H.Boissieu
早開堇菜 Viola prionantha Bunge
Viola procerior Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Viola producta W.Becker
Viola prostrata Schult.
Viola pruinosa Pollard
Viola pseudaetolica Tomovic, Melovski & Niketic
假如意草 Viola pseudo-arcuata
圓葉堇菜 Viola pseudo-bambusetorum
Viola pseudograeca Erben
多花堇菜 Viola pseudo-monbeigii
Viola pseudomunbyana W.Becker
Viola pseudostagnina Vorosch.
Viola pseudovulcanica W.Becker
毛葉黃堇菜 Viola pubescens Aiton
Viola pubipetala S.S.Ying
Viola pulvinata Reiche
Viola pumila Chaix
Viola punctata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819
紫紅堇菜 Viola purpurea Kellogg
Viola pusilla Poepp.
Viola pusillima Wedd.
Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.
比利牛斯堇菜 Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC.
Viola quercetorum M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen
立堇菜 Viola raddeana Regel
Viola ramiflora K.O.Yoo
Viola ramosiana W.Becker
Viola rauliniana Erben
Viola raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin
Viola rausii Erben
Viola regina J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola reichei Skottsb.
Viola reichenbachiana
Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola reichenbachiana × riviniana
- Viola reichenbachiana × riviniana × rupestris
- Viola reichenbachiana × riviniana × ruppii
- Viola reichenbachiana × rupestris
- Viola reichenbachiana × ruppii
- Viola reichenbachiana × rupestris subsp. rupestris
- Viola reichenbachiana × stagnina
- Viola reichenbachiana × uliginosa
Viola renifolia A.Gray
Viola reniformis R.Br. ex B.D.Jacks., 1895
Viola replicata W.Becker
Viola reverchonii Wenk
Viola reverchonii Willk. ex Coincy, 1895
Viola rheophila Okamoto
Viola rhodanica Chatenier & Revol
Viola rhodopaea
Viola rhodopeia W.Becker
Viola rhodopensis Formánek
菱葉堇菜 Viola rhombifolia Leyb.
Viola riviniana
Rchb.
- Viola riviniana × rupestris
- Viola riviniana × ruppii
- Viola riviniana × rupestris subsp. relicta
- Viola riviniana × rupestris subsp. rupestris
- Viola riviniana × stagnina
- Viola riviniana × uliginosa
Viola roccabrunensis Espeut
圓葉小堇菜 Viola rockiana
Viola rodriguezii W.Becker
Viola rogoviczii Andrz. ex Trautv.
Viola roigii Rossow
Viola rolandi-bonaparte F.O.Wolf, 1904
遼寧堇菜 Viola rossii Hemsl.
Viola rossowiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
長嘴堇菜 Viola rostrata
Pursh
- 長嘴堇菜原變種 Viola rostrata var. rostrata
- 日本長嘴堇菜 Viola rostrata var. japonica (W. Becker & H. Boissieu) Ohwi
蓮座堇菜 Viola rosulata P.Fourn.
Viola rosulata Poepp. & Endl.
Viola rotundifolia Hook.
Viola rotundifolia Michx.
Viola rouyana F.O.Wolf, 1904
Viola roxolanica Blocki
淡紅堇菜 Viola rubella Cav.
Viola rubrifolia Boiss.
Viola rubromarginata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola rudolfii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola rudolphii Sparre
Viola rugosa Phi. ex W.Becker
石生堇菜 Viola rupestris
F.W.Schmidt
- Viola rupestris subsp. rupestris × uliginosa
- Viola rupestris × ruppii
Viola rupicola Elmer
Viola ruppii All.
Viola ruppii Hegetschw.
Viola ruppii Rchb.
Viola saccata Melch.
庫頁堇菜 Viola sacchalinensis H.Boissieu
Viola sacculus Skottsb.
Viola sagittata Aiton
Viola samothracica (Degen) Raus
Viola samothraki
Viola sandaiojiaoensis S.S.Ying
Viola sandbergii Greene
Viola sandrasea Melch.
Viola santiagoensis W.Becker
Viola santiagonensis W.Becker
Viola sarotina P.Fourn.
遼東堇菜 Viola savatieri
Viola saxatilis Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult., 1819
Viola saxifraga Maire
Viola scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A.Gray, 1838
Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult.
Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Viola schachimardanica Khalk.
Viola schariensis Erben
陝西堇菜 Viola schensiensis W.Becker
Viola schleidettiana Bogenh.
Viola schneideri W.Becker
Viola schultzii Billot ex F.W.Schultz
腎葉堇菜 Viola schulzeana
Viola scorpiuroides Coss.
Viola securigera Greene
Viola seleriana W.Becker
深山堇菜 Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie
Viola sempervirens Greene
Viola sempervivum Gay
尖山堇菜 Viola senzanensis Hayata
Viola septemloba Leconte
Viola sequeirae Capelo, R.Jardim, J.C.Costa, Lousã & Rivas Mart.
Viola serbica Formánek
Viola serotina P.Fourn.
Viola serpentinicola de Salas
Viola serpyllifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819
Viola serpyllifolia Kunth ex Roem. & Schult.
Viola serresiana Erben
小齒堇菜 Viola serrula
Viola sfikasiana Erben
小油坑堇菜 Viola shaoyoukengensis S.S.Ying
Viola sheltonii Torr.
四國堇菜 Viola shikokiana Makino
新竹堇菜 Viola shinchikuensis Yamam.
世緯堇菜 Viola shiweii Xiao C. Li & Z.W.Wang, 以貴州籍採集家鄧世緯（191？-1936）的名字命名^[8]
麓堇菜 Viola sieboldii Maxim.
Viola sieheana W.Becker
錫金堇菜 Viola sikkimensis W.Becker
Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola singularis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola sirinica Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola skanderbegii Dörfl. & Hayek
Viola skottsbergiana W.Becker
Viola slavikii Formánek
Viola somchetica C.Koch
Viola somchetica K.Koch
Viola sordida Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Viola sororia Willd.
Viola spathulata Willd.
Viola spathulata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Viola spegazzinii W.Becker
圓果堇菜 Viola sphaerocarpa W.Becker
Viola stagnina Kit.
Viola stagnina × uliginosa
Viola stagnira Kit.
Viola steinbachii W.Becker
Viola stenantha Greene
廬山堇菜 Viola stewardiana W.Becker
Viola stipularis Sw.
Viola stojanovii W.Becker
Viola stojanowii W.Becker
Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa
Viola striata Aiton
Viola striata Hook.
圓葉堇菜 Viola striatella H.Boissieu
Viola striis-notata (J.Wagner) Merxm. & W.Lippert
Viola stuebelii Hieron.
Viola suavis (O.Bolòs & Vigo) O.Bolòs & Vigo
Viola suavis M.Bieb.
Viola subandina J.M.Watson
Viola subasica (Fiori) Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola subatlantica (Maire) Ibn Tattou
Viola subcrenata Phil. ex F.Meigen
Viola subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
Viola suboderata Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Viola subodorata Dalla Torre & Sarnth., 1909
Viola subrotunda Greene
Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene
Viola suecica Fr.
光葉堇菜 Viola sumatrana Miq.
Viola sylvatica Fr.
四川堇菜 Viola szetschwanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu
Viola szilyana Borbás
泰山堇菜 Viola taishanensis
Viola takeshimana Nakai
Viola taltalensis W.Becker
Viola tanaitica Grosset
Viola tarbagataica Klokov
八重山堇菜 Viola tashiroi Makino
Viola taurica C.A.Mey. ex Regel
Viola taynensis Elisafenko
Viola tectiflora W.Becker
Viola tenorei N.Terracc.
細距堇菜 Viola tenuicornis W.Becker
Viola tenuipes Pollard
心葉茶匙黃 Viola tenuis ，細葉堇菜
纖莖堇菜 Viola tenuissima Chang
Viola teplouchovii Juz.
Viola teucriifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819
Viola thasia W.Becker
Viola thibaudieri Franch. & Sav.
Viola thomasiana Songeon & Perr.
毛堇菜 Viola thomsonii Oudem.
Viola thymifolia Britton
滇西堇菜 Viola tienschiensis
Viola tineorum Erben & Raimondo
東海堇菜 Viola tokaiensis Sugim. ex N. Yamada & Igari
Viola tokubuchiana Makino
Viola tomentosa M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen
Viola tonkinensis Gagnep.
Viola torresiae Marcet
Viola tovarii P.Gonzáles & Molina-Alor
三角葉堇菜 Viola triangulifolia W.Becker
毛瓣堇菜 Viola trichopetala Chang
三色堇 Viola tricolor L.
大花三色堇 Viola tricolor × wittrockiana
Viola tridentata Menzies ex DC.
Viola tridentata Sm.
Viola tridentina W.Becker
Viola triflabellata W.Becker
Viola trinervata (Howell) Howell ex A.Gray
Viola tripartita Elliott
Viola tripartita G.Don ex W.H.Baxter, 1850
Viola trochlearis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola truncata Meyen
雪山堇菜 Viola tsugitakaensis
塊莖堇菜 Viola tuberifera
Viola tucumanensis W.Becker
土耳其堇菜 Viola turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. ex Regel
Viola turritella J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola ucriana Erben & Raimondo
Viola ugamica Juz.
Viola uliginosa Besser
Viola umbellata Sessé & Moc.
Viola umbraticola Kunth
Viola umphangensis S.Nansai, Srisanga & Suwanph.
Viola unica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola uniflora L.
Viola uniflora Vand. ex Roem.
Viola uniquissima J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola unwinii W.Becker
粗齒堇菜 Viola urophylla Franch.
猶他堇菜 Viola utahensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen
Viola utahensis x beckwithii
Viola utchinensis Koidz.
Viola vadimii Vl.V.Nikitin
烏泡連 Viola vaginata Maxim.
Viola valderia All.
Viola vallenarensis W.Becker
Viola vallicola A.Nelson
Viola valvidiana Kalela
Viola vanroyenii H.St.John
斑葉堇菜 Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link
Viola vectoris Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola vegetalis Müll.Berol., 1868
Viola velutina Formánek
Viola venosa Piper
堇菜 Viola verecunda
Viola veronicaefolia Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch.
Viola veronicifolia Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch.
Viola verticillata Cerv.
Viola villosa Walter
紫背堇菜 Viola violacea Makino
Viola volcanica Gill.
Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
Viola voliotisii Erben
Viola vorobievii Bezd.
Viola vourinensis Erben
Viola vranicensis Beck
Viola vulturis Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola wailenalenae (Rock) Skottsb.
西藏細距堇菜 Viola wallichiana Ging. ex DC.
Viola walteri House
Viola wansanensis Y.N.Lee
Viola watsonii Greene
Viola weberbaueri W.Becker
蓼葉堇菜 Viola websteri Hemsl.
Viola weibelii J.F.Macbr. ex Baehni & Weibel, 1941
Viola werdermannii W.Becker
Viola wichurai Nakai, 1928
維基百科堇菜 Viola wikipedia
Viola willkommii R.Roem. ex Willk.
Viola wilmattae A.Nelson
Viola wilmattae Pollard & Cockerell, 1902
絨毛堇菜 Viola wilsonii W. Becker
Viola winteri J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
大花三色堇 Viola wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. & Buttler
Viola woosanensis Y.N.Lee & J.Kim
Viola woroschilovii Bezd.
Viola wrightiana Watt
武陵堇菜 Viola wulingensis S.S.Ying
Viola xanthopotamica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola xibaoensis S.S.Ying
Viola yamatsutae Ishid. ex Kitag.
Viola yamatsutai Ishidoya
Viola yazawana Makino
Viola yedoensis Makino
陰地堇菜 Viola yezoensis Maxim.
Viola yildirimlii Dinç & Bagci
雲南堇菜 Viola yunnanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu
心葉堇菜 Viola yunnanfuensis W.Becker
Viola yuzufelensis A.P.Khokhr.
Viola zarencznyi Zapal.
Viola zoysii Wulfen

雜交種：

Viola ×adulterina Godr.
Viola ×ajtayana Wagner
Viola ×albiensis Sudre
Viola ×albimaritima Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×albovii V.V.Nikitin
Viola ×alpigena Chatenier
Viola ×anceps C.Richt.
Viola ×anceps K.Richt.
Viola ×arophila Wiesb.
Viola ×ausonensis Sennen
Viola ×babiogorensis Zapal.
Viola ×bachtschisaraensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×balearica Rosselló, Mayol & Mus
Viola ×basilensis W.Becker
Viola ×batava Kloos
Viola ×bavarica Schrank
Viola ×beebyi Druce
Viola ×berggrenii W.Becker
Viola ×bernardii (Greene) Greene
Viola ×bernoulliana W.Becker
Viola ×bernoulliana W.Becker ex Burnat, 1906
Viola ×bessarabica Zapal.
Viola ×bethkei C.Richt.
Viola ×bissellii House
Viola ×blaxlandiae J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola ×borbasii Gáyer
Viola ×borsodiensis Budai & Gáyer
Viola ×borussica (Borbás) W.Becker
Viola ×brandisii W.Becker
Viola ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperr.
Viola ×brauniae Grover, 1939
Viola ×braunii Borbás
Viola ×braunii Grover
Viola ×brevicornis Biau
Viola ×bulgarica W.Becker
Viola ×burnatii Gremli
Viola ×caflischii Woerl.
Viola ×caninaeformis C.Richt.
Viola ×caninaeformis K.Richt., 1888
Viola ×canninefas Kloos
Viola ×carinthiaca Borbás
Viola ×cebennensis Chatenier
Viola ×celinae Sennen & Gonzalo
Viola ×champlainensis House
Viola ×chenevardii W.Becker
Viola ×chevalieri H.Lév.
Viola ×christii Wulf, 1881
Viola ×chrysantha Schrad. ex Rchb.
Viola ×cinerascens A.Kern.
Viola ×conjugens Greene
Viola ×consobrina House
Viola ×consocia House
Viola ×consorbrina House
Viola ×contempta Jord.
Viola ×cooperrideri H.E.Ballard
Viola ×coquoziana W.Becker
Viola ×cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein.
Viola ×cracoviensis Zmuda
Viola ×curnowii Druce
Viola ×davisii House
Viola ×demissa House, 1924
Viola ×desetangsii G.Camus & Har.
Viola ×digenea Rouy & Foucaud
Viola ×dissita House
Viola ×doii Taken.
Viola ×domburgensis W.Becker
Viola ×duffortii Fouill.
Viola ×durennei Petitm.
Viola ×eamesii House
Viola ×eamsii House
Viola ×eclipes H.E.Ballard
Viola ×egglestoniana House
Viola ×egregia House
Viola ×eichenfeldii Halácsy
Viola ×eizasieboldii Sugim. ex T.Shimizu
Viola ×ekstroemiana W.Becker
Viola ×eriksoniana W.Becker
Viola ×excerpta House
Viola ×fallacina Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
Viola ×fennica Nyl.
Viola ×filicetorum Greene
Viola ×florariensis Correvon
Viola ×florariensis Karrer
Viola ×fouilladei W.Becker
Viola ×fryeri Druce
Viola ×fujisanensis S.Watan.
Viola ×funesta C.Richt.
Viola ×funesta K.Richt.
Viola ×ganeschinii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×genevensis Chenevard
Viola ×gerslaueri L.Gross, 1921
Viola ×gerstlaueri L.Gross
Viola ×glabrescens (Neuman) Tzvelev
Viola ×gloggnitzensis C.Richt.
Viola ×gloggnitzensis K.Richt.
Viola ×godlewskii Zmuda
Viola ×gotlandica W.Becker
Viola ×gracillima Chatenier
Viola ×granitica Chatenier
Viola ×greatrexii Nakai & Maek.
Viola ×greenmanii House
Viola ×gremblichii Murr
Viola ×grossii Gerstl.
Viola ×grubovii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×guitteanae Giraudias
Viola ×halacsyana Degen & Dörfl.
Viola ×hallieri Borbás
Viola ×helvetica Brügger
Viola ×heslopii Druce
Viola ×heterantha Caball.
Viola ×heterocarpa Borbás
Viola ×hirtiformis Wiesb.
Viola ×hiyamae Maek.
Viola ×hollickii House
Viola ×holsatica E.L.Krause
Viola ×hortorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter
Viola ×hungarica Degen & Sabr.
Viola ×hyperborea (Rupr) V.V.Nikitin
Viola ×hyrcanica V.V.Nikitin
Viola ×ibukiana Makino
Viola ×igoschinae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×incissecta Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×insessa House
Viola ×insidiosa Rouy & Foucaud
Viola ×insignis C.Richt.
Viola ×insignis K.Richt.
Viola ×insolita House
Viola ×interjecta Borbás
Viola ×jaborneggii Khek ex Pacher
Viola ×jaccardii W.Becker
Viola ×jindoensis M.Kim
Viola ×joannis-wagneri Kárpáti
Viola ×johannis-wagneri Kárpáti, 1946
Viola ×josephii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola ×julia Brügger
Viola ×juliae Brügger
Viola ×juzepczukii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×kalkburgensis Wiesb., 1875
Viola ×kalksburgensis Wiesb.
Viola ×karakulensis Vl.V.Nikitin & O.Baranova
Viola ×kerneri Wiesb.
Viola ×keterocarpa Borbás ex K.Richt.
Viola ×kiliensis E.H.L.Krause
Viola ×kisoana Nakai
Viola ×klingeana Ronniger
Viola ×klopotovii W.Becker
Viola ×koehleri W.Becker
Viola ×kotschyana W.Becker
Viola ×kozo-poljanskii Grosset
Viola ×krascheninnikoviorum Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×kupcokiana W.Becker
Viola ×kupfferiana W.Becker
Viola ×lacaitaeana W.Becker
Viola ×lacmonica Hausskn.
Viola ×lambertii H.Lév.
Viola ×lanciformis Rouy & Foucaud
Viola ×leucopetala Murr & Pöll
Viola ×lovelliana Brainerd
Viola ×luciae Skottsb.
Viola ×luganensis W.Becker
Viola ×lutzii E.G.Camus
Viola ×magna C.Richt.
Viola ×magna K.Richt.
Viola ×malteana House
Viola ×maluqueri Sennen
Viola ×malvesini Jeanj.
Viola ×mantziana W.Becker
Viola ×marcetii W.Becker
Viola ×marihelenae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×markensteinensis Wiesb.
Viola ×markgrafii W.Becker
Viola ×martii Wiesb.
Viola ×martinii Maek.
Viola ×matczkasensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×medelii W.Becker
Viola ×megapolitana E.H.L.Krause
Viola ×megapolitana Prahl
Viola ×melissifolia Greene
Viola ×menitzkii V.V.Nikitin
Viola ×merkensteiniensis Wiesb. ex Murr
Viola ×merkensteiniensis Wiesb., 1883
Viola ×mielnicensis Zapal.
Viola ×mira Zapal.
Viola ×mirabiliformis Murr & Pöll
Viola ×mistura House
Viola ×mixta A.Kern.
Viola ×mixta Sudre
Viola ×modesta House
Viola ×modica House
Viola ×molleri Wein
Viola ×mollicula House
Viola ×mollis A.Kern. ex Wiesb.
Viola ×montfortensis Murr & Pöll
Viola ×mulfordiae Pollard
Viola ×murbeckii Dörfl.
Viola ×muretii F.O.Wolf
Viola ×murrii Pôll
Viola ×najadum Wein
Viola ×napae House
Viola ×nataliae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×neglecta F.W.Schmidt
Viola ×neglectiformis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×neilreichiana Borbás
Viola ×neilreichii C.Richt.
Viola ×neilreichii K.Richt.
Viola ×nemenyiana Wagner
Viola ×neoburgensis Erdner
Viola ×nephrophylloides Farw.
Viola ×neumanniana Borbás
Viola ×nikitinii Vasjukov
Viola ×notabilis E.P.Bicknell
Viola ×obtusoacuminata T.Hashim. ex T.Shimizu
Viola ×obtusogrypoceras Makino
Viola ×oelandica W.Becker, 1910
Viola ×oenensis Borbás
Viola ×oenipontana Murr
Viola ×ogawae Nakai
Viola ×okuharae F.Maek. ex T.Shimizu
Viola ×olimpia Beggiat.
Viola ×oreliensis W.Becker
Viola ×orophila Wiesb.
Viola ×pacheri Wiesb.
Viola ×paradoxa K.Richt.
Viola ×paradoxa Rouy & Foucaud
Viola ×paxiana Degen & Zsák
Viola ×perplexa Gremli
Viola ×peterfii Nyár.
Viola ×poelliana Murr
Viola ×poltavensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×polysecta Nakai
Viola ×popovae V.V.Nikitin
Viola ×populifolia Greene
Viola ×porphyrea R.Uechtr.
Viola ×porteriana Pollard
Viola ×preywischiana Nauenb.
Viola ×prutensis Zapal.
Viola ×pseudomakinoi M.Mizush. ex T.Shimizu
Viola ×pseudosepincola W.Becker
Viola ×pynzarii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×radians Beck
Viola ×ravida House
Viola ×redacta House
Viola ×regeliana Rouy & Foucaud
Viola ×reschetnikovae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×rhaetica Borbás
Viola ×rhenana Gerstl.
Viola ×riddensis F.O.Wolf
Viola ×riloensis W.Becker
Viola ×ritschliana W.Becker
Viola ×robinsoniana House
Viola ×rolandi-bonapartei W.Wolf
Viola ×ronnigeri W.Becker
Viola ×rossii Chiov.
Viola ×rouyana W.Wolf
Viola ×roxolanica Zapal.
Viola ×rupestriformis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×ruprechtiana Borbás
Viola ×ryoniae House
Viola ×ryonii House
Viola ×salvatoriana W.Becker & Thell. ex W.Becker
Viola ×sanensis Zapal.
Viola ×sardagnae W.Becker
Viola ×savatieri Makino
Viola ×savourei H.Lév.
Viola ×scabra Braun
Viola ×schalmausenii Rouy & Foucaud
Viola ×scharlockii W.Becker, 1914
Viola ×schauloi Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×schlarlockii W.Becker
Viola ×sedunensis F.O.Wolf
Viola ×segniensis Gáyer & Degen
Viola ×semseyana Borbás
Viola ×sennenii Pau
Viola ×sermenika Formánek
Viola ×silana Merino
Viola ×skofitziana Wiesb.
Viola ×slavinii House
Viola ×slesvicensis Prahl
Viola ×sokalensis Zapal.
Viola ×stuartii Bergmans
Viola ×suaveolens Wiesb.
Viola ×suaviflora Borbás & Heinr.Braun
Viola ×subaffinis House
Viola ×subcollina Beck
Viola ×subglabrata Pöll ex W.Becker
Viola ×subhirta Beck
Viola ×sublanceolata House
Viola ×subodorata Borbás ex Murr
Viola ×suevica Gerstl.
Viola ×sukaczewii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×superodorata Greg.
菊葉堇菜 Viola ×takahashii (Nakai) Taken.
Viola ×talmensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×taradakensis Nakai
Viola ×tatrae Borbás
Viola ×tenuis C.Richt.
Viola ×tenuis K.Richt.
Viola ×teriana Sennen
Viola ×tessinensis W.Becker
Viola ×texidoris Sennen & Gonzalo
Viola ×tichomirovii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×tigirekica Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×tiroliensis Borbás
Viola ×torslundensis W.Becker
Viola ×tourbillonensis W.Becker
Viola ×tristicha Waisb.
Viola ×tuvinica Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×tzvelevii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×uechtritziana Borbás
Viola ×variifrons Pôll
Viola ×vaudensis Hausskn. ex Gremli
Viola ×vermontana House
Viola ×viarum Pollard
Viola ×viatkensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×villaquensis Benz
Viola ×vilnaensis W.Becker
Viola ×vindeliciana Gerstl.
Viola ×vindobonensis Wiesb.
Viola ×visseriana Bergmans
Viola ×watsonii Druce
Viola ×wiesbaurii Sabr.
Viola ×wiesbaurii Sabr. ex Nyman
Viola ×wilczekiana Beauverd
Viola ×wilhelmii V.V.Nikitin
小花三色堇 Viola ×williamsii Wittr.
三色堇 Viola ×wittrockiana Gams ex Kappert，小三色堇
Viola ×wujekii H.E.Ballard
Viola ×wychensis Kloos
Viola ×yurii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ×zahnii Benz
Viola ×zapalowiczii Zmuda
Viola ×zophodes K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola ×zwienenii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola canina subsp. canina × pumila
Viola canina subsp. canina × reichenbachiana
Viola canina subsp. canina × riviniana
Viola canina subsp. canina × rupestris subsp. rupestris
Viola canina subsp. canina × stagnina
Viola canina subsp. canina × uliginosa
Viola canina subsp. montana × mirabilis
Viola canina subsp. montana × reichenbachiana
Viola canina subsp. montana × riviniana
Viola canina subsp. montana × rupestris subsp. relicta
Viola canina subsp. montana × rupestris subsp. rupestris
Viola canina subsp. montana × stagnina
Viola canina subsp. montana × uliginosa
Viola canina × elatior
Viola canina × pumila
Viola canina × reichenbachiana
Viola canina × reichenbachiana x riviniana
Viola canina × riviniana
Viola canina × rupestris
Viola canina × stagnina
Viola canina × odorata
Viola canina × riviniana
Viola canina × rupestris subsp. relicta
Viola canina × rupestris subsp. rupestris
Viola canina × stagnina
Viola canina × uliginosa
Viola hirta × odorata
Viola hirta × odorata x suavis
Viola hirta × suavis
Viola hirta × odorata
Viola pumila × riviniana
Viola pumila × stagnina
Viola pumila × reichenbachiana
Viola pumila × riviniana
Viola pumila × rupestris subsp. rupestris
Viola pumila × stagnina

歸入本屬的物種：

Mnemion cariotii Fourr.

參考文獻

^ Marcussen, T; Blaxland, K; Windham, MD; Haskins, KE; Armstrong, F. Establishing the phylogenetic origin, history, and age of the narrow endemic Viola guadalupensis (Violaceae).. American journal of botany. 2011-12, 98 (12): 1978–88. PMID 22081412. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100208.
^ Li, Qiaoxia; Li, Youlong; Li, Jigang; Chen, Chenlong; Sun, Kun. Effects of photoperiods on the development of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in <i>Viola monbeigii</i> and <i>V. dissecta</i>. Biodiversity Science. 2024, 32 (6): 23484. doi:10.17520/biods.2023484.
^ Viola L.. GBIF. [2023-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-09）.
^ Shu-Yuan Liao, Jun-Jie Liao, De-Ming He, Jian-Yong Wu and You-sheng CHEN. 2023. Viola austroyunanensis (Violaceae), A New Species from Yunnan province of China. Phytotaxa. 613(2); 153-161. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.613.2.4
^ 河源发现一种全球罕见的极危植物，命名为“河源堇菜”. 百度. [2023-05-10].
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Paúl Gonzáles, Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée, John M. Watson, Asunción Cano, Huber Trinidad, Eduardo Navarro, Harry Jans, Martin Sheader, Harvey E. Ballard and Ana R. Flores. 2022. Viola ornata and Viola longibracteolata (Violaceae, subgen. Neoandinium), Two Rare, New Rosulate Species from southern Peru. Phytotaxa. 571(1); 52-64. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.1.4
^ John M. Watson, Ana R. Flores, Martin Sheader and Anna-Liisa Sheader. 2018. Viola pachysoma (Violaceae), A New Name for A Rosulate Species Endemic to the Andes of Argentinian Patagonia. Phytotaxa. 382(1); 113–124. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.382.1.6
^ 中国西南喀斯特山地发现堇菜属新种：世纬堇菜. GBIF. [2023-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-15）.

[1] Marcussen, T; Blaxland, K; Windham, MD; Haskins, KE; Armstrong, F. Establishing the phylogenetic origin, history, and age of the narrow endemic Viola guadalupensis (Violaceae).. American journal of botany. 2011-12, 98 (12): 1978–88. PMID 22081412. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100208.

[2] Li, Qiaoxia; Li, Youlong; Li, Jigang; Chen, Chenlong; Sun, Kun. Effects of photoperiods on the development of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in <i>Viola monbeigii</i> and <i>V. dissecta</i>. Biodiversity Science. 2024, 32 (6): 23484. doi:10.17520/biods.2023484.

[3] Viola L.. GBIF. [2023-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-09）.

[4] Shu-Yuan Liao, Jun-Jie Liao, De-Ming He, Jian-Yong Wu and You-sheng CHEN. 2023. Viola austroyunanensis (Violaceae), A New Species from Yunnan province of China. Phytotaxa. 613(2); 153-161. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.613.2.4

[5] 河源发现一种全球罕见的极危植物，命名为“河源堇菜”. 百度. [2023-05-10].

[Gonzales-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Paúl Gonzáles, Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée, John M. Watson, Asunción Cano, Huber Trinidad, Eduardo Navarro, Harry Jans, Martin Sheader, Harvey E. Ballard and Ana R. Flores. 2022. Viola ornata and Viola longibracteolata (Violaceae, subgen. Neoandinium), Two Rare, New Rosulate Species from southern Peru. Phytotaxa. 571(1); 52-64. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.1.4

[7] John M. Watson, Ana R. Flores, Martin Sheader and Anna-Liisa Sheader. 2018. Viola pachysoma (Violaceae), A New Name for A Rosulate Species Endemic to the Andes of Argentinian Patagonia. Phytotaxa. 382(1); 113–124. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.382.1.6

[8] 中国西南喀斯特山地发现堇菜属新种：世纬堇菜. GBIF. [2023-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-15）.

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