藍星行動
藍星行動(旁遮普語:ਬਲੂ ਸਟਾਰ;印地語:ब्ल्यू स्टार;英文:Operation Blue Star)發生於1984年6月初,是印度政府打擊錫克教分離主義者的一次軍事行動,印度軍方奉總理英迪拉·甘地的命令派重兵開進錫克教聖地哈曼迪爾寺以及其他數間神學院解除錫克教民兵的武裝,隨後爆發激烈流血武裝衝突。
藍星行動 | |||||||
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Parties to the civil conflict | |||||||
印度 |
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指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
Arun Shridhar Vaidya Kuldip Singh Brar Ranjit Singh Dyal[5] Krishnaswamy Sundarji |
賈奈爾·辛格·賓德蘭瓦勒 † Amrik Singh † Shabeg Singh † | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
提供支援 :
| 80–200 名武裝份子[19]:35[20][21][9]:53,72 | ||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||
83 人死亡(根據印度陸軍 1984 年白皮書)[22][23][24][9]:96 白皮書:249人受傷[26] |
政府公佈數字:492+ 人死亡(包括錫克教朝聖者)[28] | ||||||
5,000–10,000 名平民在行動中喪生[29][30][31][9]:151 | |||||||
行動過程
6月3日,旁遮普全邦實行36小時宵禁,這段時間包括阿冉宗師犧牲紀念日(Matyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev)──錫克教的重要節日,每年在此節日會有大規模的錫克教徒聚集。引發錫克教徒不滿,同時政府也中斷當地的電力與實施媒體管制。6月5日夜晚,印度軍隊在現場指揮官布拉爾指揮下突擊哈曼迪爾寺。該部隊於6月7日上午完全控制哈曼迪爾寺。造成軍隊,平民和武裝分子均有傷亡。錫克教領袖賈奈爾·辛格·賓德蘭瓦勒和沙貝格·辛格(Shabeg Singh)在行動中被殺害,錫克教徒於是展開報復;總理英迪拉·甘地於藍星行動後4個月遭到錫克教保鑣刺殺身亡,導致印度後來發生大規模反錫克教動亂(傷亡人數有多種版本),而策劃並監督藍星計劃的維德雅(Arun Shridhar Vaidya)也在1986年8月10日遭暗殺槍擊斃命。
後續影響
錫克教徒與廟方警衛爆發衝突
2014年6月6日,也就是藍星行動30週年,錫克教政黨「最高阿卡利黨(阿姆利則)」(Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar))黨魁曼恩(Simranjit Singh Mann)與支持者試圖強行從金廟旁的重要建築「永恆王座」(Akal Takht)內發表演說,並高呼錫克教分離主義口號,遭到廟方阻止。支持者與錫克教寺廟最高管理委員會(Shiromani Gurudwara Parbhandhak Committee,SGPC)警衛部隊爆發衝突。雙方各自揮舞錫克教徒身上配掛的長刀與警衛部隊使用的木棍,大批信徒爭相走避。報導說,事件後至少有12名參與衝突的曼恩支持者和警衛部隊人員受傷。情況已獲控制。衝突後,錫克教強硬派組織哈沙黨(Dal Khalsa)發起罷工。為防範事端,1500名鎮暴部隊部署於阿姆利則多處地點。
現場指揮官於英遇襲
《印度時報》報導,倫敦時間2012年9月30日晚上10時40分,藍星計劃指揮官、退役中將布拉爾(Kuldeep Singh Brar)與妻子米娜(Meena)在晚餐後步出飯店遭纏錫克教頭巾的4名男子攻擊,其中3人企圖以短刀對布拉爾割喉,布拉爾經極力反抗後身受重傷,緊急送醫救治後並無生命危險。[32]
參考文獻
- ^ Jerryson, Michael. Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2020-07-15. ISBN 978-1-4408-5991-5 (英語).
- ^ Brar, K. S. Operation Blue Star: The True Story. UBS Publishers' Distributors. 2014. ISBN 978-8174760685. OCLC 1181348326 (English).
- ^ Dogra, Cander Suta. "Operation Blue Star – the Untold Story". The Hindu, 10 June 2013. Web.
- ^ Cynthia Keppley Mahmood (2011). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Defenders. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. Title, 91, 21, 200, 77, 19. ISBN 978-0812200171.
- ^ Temple Raid: Army's Order was Restraint. The New York Times. 15 June 1984 [6 February 2012]. (原始內容存檔於13 November 2012). 已忽略未知參數
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- ^ Tully, Mark; Jacob, Satish. Amritsar, Mrs. Gandhi's last battle. Internet Archive. Calcutta : Rupa & Co. 1985: 163.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Jaijee, Inderjit Singh. Politics of Genocide: Punjab, 1984–1998. Ajanta Publications. 1999. ISBN 978-8120204157. OCLC 42752917 (English).
- ^ Prasad, Shankar. The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment. Lancer Publishers. 2005: 198–199. ISBN 978-81-7062-268-0 (英語).
- ^ Bennett, Richard M. Elite forces : the world's most formidable secret armies. London. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7535-4764-9. OCLC 1028210354.
[A]n 80 strong element of 1st Para-Commando Battalion was involved in Operation 『Blue Star』.
- ^ Bennett, R. M. Elite Forces. Random House. 2011-08-31. ISBN 978-0-7535-4764-9 (英語).
- ^ Sidhu, G.B.S. The Khalistan Conspiracy – A Former R&aw Officer Unravels The Path To 1984. HarperCollins. 2001-03-09: 172. ISBN 9789390327737.
- ^ Lance Naik Dilbagh Singh — Operation 'Bluestar' hero with steely resolve. [2024-10-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-22).
- ^ Brar, K. S. Operation Blue Star: The True Story. UBS Publishers' Distributors. 1993: 121. ISBN 978-81-85944-29-6 (英語).
- ^ Brar, K. S. Operation Blue Star: The True Story. UBS Publishers' Distributors. 1993: 55. ISBN 978-81-85944-29-6 (英語).
- ^ Dr. Gurmit Singh. History Of Sikh Struggles Vol III. : 98 (English).
- ^ Krishnankutty, Pia. In the shadows of Bluestar, Kargil, LAC, India's 'secret' Special Frontier Force turns 60. ThePrint. 2022-11-14 [2023-05-10]. (原始內容存檔於2024-09-04) (美國英語).
- ^ Karim, Afsir. Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor. Lancer Publishers. 1991: 33–36. ISBN 978-8170621270.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
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的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Tarkunde et al. 1985,第65頁.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
WhitePaper1984
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ The Official Home Page of the Indian Army. [10 October 2017]. (原始內容存檔於27 May 2013).
- ^ What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?. India Today. [12 September 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-11).
Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army near about 83 and they put the number of civilian deaths at 493, though independent estimates ran much higher.
- ^ Jugdep S Chima. The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. Sage Publishing India. 2008: 114–. ISBN 978-9351509530.
- ^ Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar. Tribune India. 30 May 1984 [9 August 2009]. (原始內容存檔於2009-07-05).
- ^ Sidhu, G.B.S. The Khalistan Conspiracy: A Former R&aw Officer Unravels The Path To 1984. 2001-03-09: 176.
- ^ The untold story before Operation Bluestar. India Today. 6 June 2019 [2021-06-10]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-04) (英語).
- ^ Grewal, J. S. The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) Revised. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 205–241 [16 April 2020]. ISBN 978-1316025338.
- ^ Karim 1991,第35頁.
- ^ June 6, India Today Web Desk. What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?. India Today. [9 February 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-11) (英語).
Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though independent estimates ran much higher.
- ^ 28年舊帳--印度前將官英遇刺. [2015-08-25]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-04).