語言均一化

語言均一化英語:dialect leveling;西班牙語:nivelación lingüística),指某地區某語系的各種方言間變得相似或均一的過程,通常由某種方言被明顯的淘汰而促成[來源請求],從而使該地區各語言間更容易理解並更整齊劃一。

基本概念

從一方面看,在這過程中,可能導致理解上問題的不同語言表達形式得到簡化,其變體也減少。這變化是漸進的,在其徹底完成之前,社會環境各變體共存。

從另一方面看,均一化同時還指具體單詞的語法形態變化,旨在使各種形態趨於規則[1]

具體案例

1561年確認馬德里為西班牙首都後,全國各地的移民湧入(主要來自北部),並且均有其方言。馬德里人和來自南部的移民在清齒擦音和濁齒擦音間產生分歧,而來自北部(巴斯克以及加利西亞地區)的移民已棄用濁噝音。這兩種發音使語言變得均一。從音韻學角度出發,這兩種發音難以分辨而且只有少部分人使用,過程完成後,三個濁噝音棄用[2]

清音 濁音
硬齶擦音 [ʃ]caxa [ʒ]muger
齒齦擦音 [s]passo [z]casa
齒擦音 [ θ ]caça [ð]dezir

參考文獻

  • Anderson, Bridget. 2002. Dialect leveling and /ai/ monophthongization among African American Detroiters. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(1). 86-98.
  • Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: H. Holt and Company.
  • Britain, David. 1997. Dialect Contact and Phonological Reallocation: "Canadian Raising" in the English Fens. Language in Society 26(1). 15-46.
  • Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cheshire, Jenny; Ann Gillett; Paul Kerswill and Ann Williams. 1999. The role of adolescents in dialect levelling: Final report submitted to the Economic and Social Research Council.[3]
  • Fitzmaurice, Susan M. 2000. The Great Leveler: The Role of the Spoken Media in Stylistic Shift From the Colloquial to the Conventional. American Speech 75(1). 54-68.
  • Gibson, Maik. Dialect Levelling in Tunisian Arabic: Towards a New Spoken Standard. Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic, Aleya Rouchdy. Routledge, 2003.
  • Hinskens, Frans. 1998. Dialect Levelling: A Two-dimensional Process. Folia Linguistica 32 (1-2). 35-52.
  • Hinskens, Frans. (ed.) 1996. Dialect levelling in Limburg: Structural and sociolinguistic aspects. Linguistische Arbeiten.
  • Hsu, Hui-ju and John Kwock-ping Tse. The Tonal Leveling of Taiwan Mandarin: A Study in Taipei. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 35, no. 2 (2009): 225-244.
  • Kerswill, Paul. 2001. Mobility, meritocracy and dialect levelling: the fading (and phasing) out of Received Pronunciation. "British studies in the new millennium: the challenge of the grassroots". University of Tartu, Tartu.[4]
  • Kristensen, Kjeld and Mats Thelander. 1984. On dialect levelling in Denmark and Sweden. Folia Linguistica 28(1/2). 223-246.
  • Lefebvre, C. 1998. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian creole. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lefebvre, Claire. 2004. The relexification account of creole genesis: The case of Haitian Creole. Issues in the Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages, Lefebvre, Claire (ed.) Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins. pp. 59-180[5]
  • Miller, Michael I. 1987. Three Changing Verbs: Bite, Ride and Shrink. Journal of English Linguistics 20(1). 3-12.
  • Schøning, Signe Wedel and Inge Lise Pedersen. 2009. Vinderup in Real Time: A Showcase of Dialect Levelling. ed. by Dufresne, Monique, Fernande Dupuis and Etleva Vocaj. 233-244.
  • Siegel, J. 1985. Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14/3, 357-78.
  • Siegel, Jeff. 1997. Mixing, Levelling and pidgin/creole development. In A. Spears and D. Winford (eds.), The structure and status of pidgins and creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 111-49.
  • Trudgill, Peter, Elizabeth Gordon, Gillian Lewis and Margaret MacLagan. 2000. Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 36 (2). 299-318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Twaddell, William. F. 1959. Standard German: Urbanization and Standard Language: A Symposium Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association. Anthropological Linguistics 1(3). 1-7.
  • Wrong, Margaret. 1942. Ibo Dialects and the Development of a Common Language. Journal of the Royal African Society 41(163). 139-141.

註釋

  1. ^ Penny, Ralph. Gramática histórica del español. Barcelona: Ariel. 1993: 352. ISBN 978-84-344-8265-4. 
  2. ^ Penny, Ralph. Variación y cambio en español. Madrid: Gredos. 2000: 80–82. ISBN 84-249-2730-3. 
  3. ^ The role of adolescents in dialect levelling (PDF). Lancs.ac.uk. [2015-07-14]. 
  4. ^ Mobility, meritocracy and dialect levelling: the fading (and phasing) out of Received Pronunciation (PDF). Lancs.ac.uk. [2015-07-14]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2010-03-31). 
  5. ^ Chapter 3 : The relxification account of creole genesis : The case of Haitian Creole (PDF). Archipel.uqam.ca. [2015-07-14]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-07-15).