馬兜鈴屬
馬兜鈴屬(學名:Aristolochia)是馬兜鈴科下的一種草質或木質藤本稀亞灌木或小喬木,常具有塊狀根,[2]一花左右對稱,腋生、單生或成束或排成短的總狀花序;花被管狀、彎曲,上部成一舌片或3淺裂;一般有6個雄蕊環繞花柱排列,且與花柱結合;子房下位有6個室;果實是蒴果。[3]馬兜鈴屬約有600種[4]。
馬兜鈴屬 | |
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公雞花 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 木蘭類植物 Magnoliids |
目: | 胡椒目 Piperales |
科: | 馬兜鈴科 Aristolochiaceae |
亞科: | 馬兜鈴亞科 Aristolochioideae |
族: | 馬兜鈴族 Aristolochieae |
屬: | 馬兜鈴屬 Aristolochia L., 1753[1] |
亞屬 | |
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異名 | |
Hocquartia Dum.
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屬名Aristolochia源於希臘語anstos(最好的)和locheia(分娩)的合成詞,表徵此類群為藥用植物。
分佈及特性
主要分佈於熱帶和亞熱帶地區,少數分佈於溫帶地區[5]。其中囊花馬兜鈴等物種存在滅絕危險。馬兜鈴屬植物中含有因物種、植物部位、植物生長的地理位置而含量不同的馬兜鈴酸、馬兜鈴內酰胺(aristololactams)、馬兜鈴喹啉(aristoquinolines)、馬兜鈴精(aristogins)以及數量不等的倍半萜類等化學物質。[6]
分類
對廣義馬兜鈴屬(Aristolochia sensu lato)的分類存在爭議[4]。
3亞屬系統:
2亞族4屬系統:
- 馬兜鈴亞族(Aristolochiinae)
- 狹義馬兜鈴屬(Aristolochia sensu stricto)
- 閉果兜鈴屬(Pararistolochia)
- 關木通亞族(Isotrematinae)
此外,2019年又將對藥馬兜鈴亞屬從廣義馬兜鈴屬中恢復成關木通屬(包括傳統分類中的關木通屬和蛇木通屬)[7]。
本屬包括以下物種:[8]
- Aristolochia acontophylla Pfeifer
- Aristolochia acuminata Lam.
- Aristolochia acuminata Sam.
- Aristolochia acutifolia Duch.
- Aristolochia adalica Tosunoglu & Malyer
- Aristolochia adiastola G.A.Romero & Elad.Fernández[9]
- Aristolochia albertiana Ahumada
- Aristolochia albida Duch.
- Aristolochia albopilosa M.González, S.González & Barrie
- Aristolochia alexandriana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia altanii Ilçim & Behçet
- Aristolochia amara (Aubl.) Poncy
- Aristolochia andina F.González & I.G.Vargas
- 棱莖馬兜鈴 Aristolochia anguicida Jacq.
- Aristolochia angustifolia Bojer, 1837
- Aristolochia angustifolia Cham.
- Aristolochia apoloensis Rusby
- 擬囊花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia apseudoutriformis
- Aristolochia arborescens L.
- Aristolochia arcuata Mast.
- Aristolochia arenicola Hance
- Aristolochia argentina Griseb.
- Aristolochia argyroneura Hoehne, 1942
- Aristolochia argyroneura hort. ex Gentil
- Aristolochia asperifolia Ule ex Pilg.
- Aristolochia assamica D.Borah & T.V.Do
- Aristolochia assisii J.Freitas, Lírio & F.González
- Aristolochia atropurpurea Parish ex Hook.fil.
- Aristolochia auricularia Boiss.
- Aristolochia australopithecurus (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- 華南馬兜鈴 Aristolochia austrochinensis C.Y.Cheng & J.S.Ma
- Aristolochia baetica L.
- Aristolochia bahiensis F.González
- Aristolochia baracoensis R.Rankin
- Aristolochia barbigera Jacq.
- Aristolochia barbourii Barringer
- Aristolochia baseri Malyer & S.Erken
- Aristolochia batucensis Wiggins & Rollins
- Aristolochia bhamoensis T.V.Do & Jian W.Li
- Aristolochia biakensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia bianorii Sennen & Pau
- Aristolochia bicolor Ule
- Aristolochia bicolor Ule ex Pilg.
- Aristolochia bilabiata L.
- Aristolochia billardieri Jaub. & Sp.
- Aristolochia bilobata L.[9]
- Aristolochia binhthuanensis T.V.Do
- Aristolochia birostris Duch.
- Aristolochia bodamae Dingler
- Aristolochia boliviensis Kuntze
- Aristolochia bonettiana Elad.Fernández & G.A.Romero[9]
- Aristolochia boosii Panter
- Aristolochia bottae Jaub. & Sp.
- Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
- Aristolochia bracteosa Duch.
- Aristolochia braniciana Andrz. ex Trautv.
- Aristolochia brevifolia (Cham.) Hauman
- Aristolochia brevilabris Bornm.
- Aristolochia brevipes Benth.
- Aristolochia bridgesii (Klotzsch) Duch.
- Aristolochia brunneomaculata I.S.Abreu & Giul.
- Aristolochia buchtienii O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia bukuti Poncy
- Aristolochia buntingii Pfeifer
- Aristolochia burchellii Mast.
- Aristolochia burelae Herzog
- Aristolochia burkartii Ahumada
- Aristolochia burro Lindm.
- Aristolochia cabrerae Ahumada
- Aristolochia cambodiana Pierre ex Lecomte
- Aristolochia campestris Rojas Acosta
- Aristolochia cardiantha Pfeifer
- Aristolochia carterae Pfeifer
- Aristolochia castellana (E.Nardi) A.Costa
- Aristolochia castellanosii Ahumada
- Aristolochia caudata Jacq.
- Aristolochia cauliflora Ule
- Aristolochia ceresensis Kuntze
- Aristolochia ceropegioides S.Moore
- Aristolochia chachapayensis Ahumada, 1979
- Aristolochia chachapoyensis Ahumada
- Aristolochia chalmersii O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia chamissonis (Klotzsch) Duch.
- 長葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia championiae Merr. & Chun
- Aristolochia chilensis Bridges
- Aristolochia chilensis Bridges ex Lindl.
- Aristolochia chilensis Miers
- Aristolochia chiquitensis Duch.
- 苞葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia chlamydophylla C.Y.Wu ex S.M.Hwang
- Aristolochia chrismuelleriana W.N.Takeuchi
- Aristolochia chrysochlora Barb.Rodr.
- Aristolochia cilicica P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
- Aristolochia clavidenia Griseb.
- 歐洲馬兜鈴 Aristolochia clematitis L.
- Aristolochia clementis Alain
- Aristolochia clusii Lojac.
- Aristolochia clusii x Aristolochia paucinervis
- Aristolochia cochinchinensis T.V.Do
- Aristolochia coerulea Niederl., 1890
- Aristolochia colimensis Santana Mich.
- Aristolochia colombiana F.González
- Aristolochia colossifolia Hoehne
- Aristolochia consimilis Mast.
- Aristolochia constricta Griseb.
- 北馬兜鈴 Aristolochia contorta Bunge
- Aristolochia conversiae Pfeifer
- Aristolochia cordiflora Mutis ex Kunth
- Aristolochia cordigera Willd. ex Klotzsch
- Aristolochia coriacea Raf.
- Aristolochia cornuta Mast.
- Aristolochia cortinata Reinecke
- Aristolochia coryi I.M.Johnst.
- Aristolochia crassinervia O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia cremersii Poncy
- Aristolochia cretica Lam.
- Aristolochia croatica Horvatic
- Aristolochia cruenta Barringer
- Aristolochia cubensis Linden
- 瓜葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia cucurbitifolia Hayata
- 葫蘆葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia cucurbitoides C. F. Liang
- Aristolochia curro Lindm.
- Aristolochia curtisiae King ex Gamble
- Aristolochia curtisii King
- Aristolochia curtisii King ex Gamble
- Aristolochia curviflora Malme
- Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. & Zucc.
- Aristolochia cynanchifolia Mart. & Zucc.
- Aristolochia daemoninoxia Mast.
- Aristolochia dalyi F.González
- Aristolochia davilae Calzada, G.Flores & O.Téllez
- 馬兜鈴 Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc.
- Aristolochia decandra DingHou
- Aristolochia decursive
- 貫葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia delavayi Franch.
- Aristolochia deltantha F.Muell.
- Aristolochia deltoidea Kunth
- Aristolochia dictyophlebia Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Aristolochia didyma S.Moore
- Aristolochia dielsiana O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia dinghoui F.González & Poncy
- Aristolochia disticha Mast.
- Aristolochia diversifolia Duchesne
- Aristolochia dongnaiensis Pierre ex Lecomte
- Aristolochia droseroidis Hoehne, 1910
- Aristolochia durangensis Pfeifer
- Aristolochia echinata Barb.Rodr.
- Aristolochia ehrenbergiana Cham.
- Aristolochia ekmanii O.Schmidt
- 美麗馬兜鈴 Aristolochia elegans Mast.
- Aristolochia elongata Knowlton, 1917
- Aristolochia embergeri Nozeran & N.Hallé
- Aristolochia emiliae Santana Mich. & Solís
- Aristolochia engleriana O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia enricoi (Luino, L.Gaut. & Callm.)
- Aristolochia erecta L.
- Aristolochia eriantha Mart. & Zucc.
- Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze
- Aristolochia fastidiosa L.Planch.
- Aristolochia filipendula Duch.
- Aristolochia filipendulina Duch.
- Aristolochia filipendulina L.Planch.
- Aristolochia fimbriata Cham.
- Aristolochia flava Poncy
- Aristolochia flexuosa Duch.
- Aristolochia floribunda Lem.
- Aristolochia foetida Kunth
- Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.
- 通城虎 Aristolochia fordiana Hemsl.
- 大囊馬兜鈴 Aristolochia forrestiana J. S. Ma
- Aristolochia fosterae Barringer
- Aristolochia fosteri Barringer
- 蜂窠馬兜鈴 Aristolochia foveolata Merr.,蜂窩馬兜鈴
- 黃毛馬兜鈴 Aristolochia fulvicoma Merr. & Chun
- Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz
- 福建馬兜鈴 Aristolochia fujianensis S.M.Hwang
- Aristolochia gabonensis Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia gardneri Duch.
- Aristolochia gaudichaudii Duch.
- Aristolochia gehrtii Hoehne
- Aristolochia geniculata E.Nardi
- 優貴馬兜鈴 Aristolochia gentilis Franch.
- Aristolochia gibertii Hook.
- Aristolochia gigantea Mart. & Zucc.
- Aristolochia ginzbergeri Ahumada
- Aristolochia glandulosa J.Kickx fil.
- Aristolochia glandulosa J.M.Ferrari, 1978
- Aristolochia glandulosa Scheidw.
- Aristolochia glaucifolia Ridl.
- Aristolochia glossa Pfeifer
- Aristolochia goldieana Hook.fil.
- Aristolochia goliathiana Mich.J.Parsons
- Aristolochia goudotii Duch.
- Aristolochia gourigangaica N.C.Nair
- Aristolochia gracilifolia O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia gracilipedunculata F.González
- Aristolochia grandiflora Arruda
- 大花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia grandiflora Sw.
- 西藏馬兜鈴 Aristolochia griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Duch.
- Aristolochia guadalajarana S.Watson
- Aristolochia guadichaudii Klotzsch
- Aristolochia guentheri O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia guianensis Poncy
- Aristolochia guichardii P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
- Aristolochia gurinderi K.Ravik., U.L.Tiwari & N.Balach.
- 海南馬兜鈴 Aristolochia hainanensis Merr.
- Aristolochia haitiensis Ekman & O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia hansenii Phuph.
- Aristolochia harmandiana Pierre ex Lecomte
- Aristolochia helix Phuph.
- Aristolochia heppii Merxm.
- Aristolochia hians Willd.
- Aristolochia hilariana Duch.
- Aristolochia hirta L.
- Aristolochia hispida Pohl ex Duch.
- Aristolochia hockii DeWild.
- Aristolochia hoehneana O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia hohuanense S.S.Ying
- Aristolochia hohuanensis S.S.Ying
- Aristolochia holostylis F.González
- Aristolochia holtzei F.Muell.
- 南粵馬兜鈴 Aristolochia howii Merr. & Chun
- 環江馬兜鈴 Aristolochia huanjiangensis Yan Liu & L. Wu
- Aristolochia humilis Merr.
- Aristolochia hyperborea Paxton
- 鮮黃馬兜鈴 Aristolochia hyperxantha X. X. Zhu & J. S. Ma
- Aristolochia hypoglauca Kuhlm.
- Aristolochia hyrcana P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
- Aristolochia iberica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.
- Aristolochia iberica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Duch.
- 凹脈馬兜鈴 Aristolochia impressinervia C.F.Liang
- Aristolochia incisa Duch.
- Aristolochia incisiloba Jongkind
- Aristolochia indica L.
- Aristolochia inflata Kunth
- Aristolochia insolita J.Freitas & M.Peixoto
- 內卷馬兜鈴 Aristolochia involuta X. X. Zhu, Z. X. Ma & J. S. Ma
- Aristolochia iquitensis O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia isaurica E.Nardi
- Aristolochia islandica Pfeifer
- Aristolochia jackii Steud.
- 尖峰嶺馬兜鈴 Aristolochia jianfenglingensis Han Xu, Y. D. Li & H. Q. Chen
- Aristolochia jingiangensis H.Zhang & C.K.Hsieh
- Aristolochia kachinensis Ohi-Toma, Nob.Tanaka & J.Murata
- 大葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia kaempferi Willd.
- Aristolochia kanukuensis Feuillet
- Aristolochia karwinskii Duch.
- 克長馬兜鈴 Aristolochia kechangensis Y. D. Peng & L. Y. Yu
- Aristolochia kepara (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia keratuma F.González & Pabón-Mora
- Aristolochia kerrii Craib
- Aristolochia killipiana O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia klossii Ridl.
- Aristolochia klugii O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia kongkandae Phuph.
- Aristolochia krausei P.H.Davis
- Aristolochia krisagathra Sivar. & Pradeep
- Aristolochia krukoffii O.C.Schmidt
- 昆明馬兜鈴 Aristolochia kunmingensis C. Y. Cheng & J. S. Ma
- 廣西馬兜鈴 Aristolochia kwangsiensis Chun & F.C.How ex S.Yun Liang
- 巴西馬兜鈴 Aristolochia labiata Willd.
- Aristolochia lagesiana Ule
- Aristolochia lagesiana Ule ex Pilg.
- Aristolochia laheyana (F.M.Bailey) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia lanceolatolorata S.Moore
- Aristolochia laotica T.V.Do[10]
- Aristolochia lassa I.M.Johnst.
- Aristolochia lauterbachiana O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia lawrenceae N.E.Br.
- Aristolochia leonensis Scott Elliot
- Aristolochia leprieurii Duch.
- Aristolochia leptosticta Urb.
- Aristolochia leuconeura Linden
- Aristolochia leucotricha Briq.
- Aristolochia leytensis Merr.
- Aristolochia limai Hoehne
- Aristolochia lindeniana Duch.
- Aristolochia lindneri A.Berger
- Aristolochia linearifolia Wright ex Griseb.
- Aristolochia lingua Malme
- Aristolochia lingulata Ule
- Aristolochia lingulata Ule ex Pilg.
- Aristolochia linnemannii Warb.
- 美麗馬兜鈴 Aristolochia littoralis Parodi
- Aristolochia longeracemosa B.Hansen & Phuph.
- 弄崗馬兜鈴 Aristolochia longgangensis C.F.Liang
- Aristolochia longicaulis Rojas Acosta
- Aristolochia longifolia Sessé & Moc.
- Aristolochia longipes S.Watson
- Aristolochia longiracemosa B.Hansen & Phuph.
- Aristolochia longispathulata F.González
- Aristolochia longissima M.A.Blanco, J.E.Jiménez & Aguilar
- Aristolochia lorenae J.Freitas & F.González
- Aristolochia lozaniana F.González
- Aristolochia lutea Desf.
- Aristolochia lutescens Duch.
- Aristolochia luudamcui T.V.Do
- Aristolochia luudamcui T.V.Do.The, 2021
- Aristolochia luzmariana Santana Mich.
- Aristolochia lycica P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
- Aristolochia macbrideana Standl. ex J.F.Macbr., 1937
- Aristolochia macgregorii Merr.
- Aristolochia macrocarpa Duch.
- Aristolochia macroura Gomes
- Aristolochia magnifolia Briq.
- Aristolochia manantlanensis Santana Mich.
- Aristolochia manaosensis Ahumada
- Aristolochia mannii Hook.fil.
- Aristolochia manokwariensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- 木通馬兜鈴 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom.
- Aristolochia maranonensis O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia marianensis Ahumada
- Aristolochia marioniana Elad.Fernández & G.A.Romero[9]
- Aristolochia marsupiiflora Schrad.
- Aristolochia mathewsii Duch.
- Aristolochia maurorum L.
- 大馬兜鈴 Aristolochia maxima Jacq.
- Aristolochia medicinalis R.E.Schult.
- 黑頭馬兜鈴 Aristolochia melanocephala X. X. Zhu
- Aristolochia melanoglossa Speg.
- Aristolochia melastoma Silva Manso ex Duch.
- Aristolochia melgueiroi Barringer & F.Guánchez
- Aristolochia meridionaliana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia meridionalis E.M.Ross
- Aristolochia merxmuelleri Greuter & E.Mayer
- Aristolochia metriosa Rojas Acosta
- Aristolochia mexicana Kostel.
- Aristolochia micrantha Duch.
- Aristolochia microphylla Sessé & Moc.
- Aristolochia microphylla Willd.
- Aristolochia microstoma Boiss. & Spruner
- Aristolochia minutiflora Ridl. ex Gamble
- Aristolochia mirandae L.Marion
- Aristolochia mishuyacensis O.C.Schmidt
- 尋骨風 Aristolochia mollissima Hance
- Aristolochia momandul K.Schum.
- Aristolochia montana Ekman & O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia monticola Brandegee
- Aristolochia morae F.González
- Aristolochia morii F.González
- Aristolochia mortua Cockerell, 1908
- Aristolochia mossiae S.Moore
- Aristolochia mossii S.Moore
- 寶興馬兜鈴 Aristolochia moupinensis Franch.
- 木論馬兜鈴 Aristolochia mulunensis Y. S. Huang & Yan Liu
- Aristolochia mutabilis Pfeifer
- Aristolochia mycteria Pfeifer
- Aristolochia nahua Paizanni & Santana Mich.
- Aristolochia nana S.Watson
- Aristolochia nardiana I.M.Turner
- Aristolochia navicularis E.Nardi
- Aristolochia naviculilimba DingHou
- Aristolochia nelsonii Eastw.
- Aristolochia nevesarmondiana Hoehne
- Aristolochia novoguineensis O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia nummularifolia Kunth
- Aristolochia oaxacana Eastw.
- 偏花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia obliqua S. M. Hwang
- Aristolochia oblongata Jacq.
- Aristolochia oblongifolia Brandegee
- Aristolochia obscura Lesquereux, 1861
- Aristolochia occidentalis Santana Mich. & S.Lemus Juarez
- Aristolochia odora Steud.
- Aristolochia odoratissima L.
- Aristolochia oeningensis Heer, 1856
- Aristolochia olivieri Colleg. ex Boiss.
- Aristolochia ophioides L.Marión
- Aristolochia oranensis Ahumada
- Aristolochia orbicularis Duch.
- Aristolochia ornithopterae Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia ornithorhyncha J.E.Jiménez, M.A.Blanco & Aguilar
- 卵葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia ovalifolia Duch.
- Aristolochia pacayacensis O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia pacifica Santana Mich. & Paizanni
- Aristolochia paecilantha Boiss.
- Aristolochia pallida Willd.
- Aristolochia palmata C.L.Yang
- Aristolochia palmeri S.Watson
- Aristolochia pannosoides Hoehne
- Aristolochia papillaris Mast.
- Aristolochia papillifolia DingHou
- Aristolochia paradisiana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia paraensis L.Planch.
- Aristolochia paramaribensis Duch.
- Aristolochia parvifolia Sm.
- Aristolochia passiflorifolia A.Rich.
- Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel
- Aristolochia paulistana Hoehne
- Aristolochia peltata L.
- Aristolochia peltatodeltoidea Hoehne
- Aristolochia peninsulensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia pentandra Jacq.
- Aristolochia pentandra Sessé & Moc., 1894
- Aristolochia perangustifolia Phuph.
- Aristolochia peruviana O.Schmidt
- 滇南馬兜鈴 Aristolochia petelotii O. C. Schmidt
- Aristolochia phetchaburiensis Chuakul & Saralamp
- Aristolochia philippinensis Warb.
- Aristolochia phuphathanaphongiana T.V.Do[11]
- Aristolochia physodes Ule
- Aristolochia pierrei Lecomte
- Aristolochia pilosa Kunth
- 毛柱馬兜鈴 Aristolochia pilosistyla X. X. Zhu & J. S. Ma
- Aristolochia piperifolia Griff.
- Aristolochia pistolochia L.
- Aristolochia pithecurus Ridl.
- Aristolochia pohliana Duch.
- Aristolochia poluninii P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
- 多型葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia polymorpha S.M.Hwang,多型馬兜鈴
- Aristolochia pontica Lam.
- Aristolochia poomae Phuph.
- Aristolochia pothieri Pierre ex Lecomte
- Aristolochia praevenosa F.Muell.
- Aristolochia preussii Engl.
- Aristolochia pringlei Rose
- Aristolochia promissa Mast.
- Aristolochia prostrata Duch.
- 擬翅莖馬兜鈴 Aristolochia pseudocaulialata X. X. Zhu, J. N. Liu & J. S. Ma
- Aristolochia pseudotriangularis O.C.Schmidt
- 擬囊花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia pseudoutriformis X. X. Zhu & J. S. Ma
- Aristolochia pubera F.A.Bauer ex Duch.
- Aristolochia pubescens Page ex Steud.
- Aristolochia pubescens Willd. ex Duch.
- Aristolochia pueblana J.F.Ortega & R.V.Ortega
- Aristolochia punctata Lam.
- Aristolochia purhepecha Santana Mich. & Cuevas
- Aristolochia pyrenosa Taub.
- Aristolochia quadriflora Gueldenst.
- Aristolochia quercetorum Standl.
- Aristolochia quiricoana J.E.Jiménez, M.A.Blanco & M.Cedeño
- Aristolochia raja Mart. & Zucc.
- Aristolochia repanda D.Subram.
- Aristolochia repens Mill.
- 雷西亞氏馬兜鈴 Aristolochia rethyae S.Kashung, Rimi Barman & P.R.Gajurel, 2022
- Aristolochia rhizantha Lundell
- Aristolochia ridicula N.E.Br.
- Aristolochia rigida Duch.
- 麻雀花 Aristolochia ringens Vahl
- Aristolochia robertii Ahumada
- Aristolochia rojasiana (Chodat & Hassl.) F.González
- Aristolochia rostrata Pfeifer
- Aristolochia rotunda L.
- Aristolochia rugosa Lam.
- Aristolochia ruiziana (Klotzsch) Duch.
- Aristolochia rumicifolia Mart. & Zucc.
- Aristolochia rumphii Kostel.
- Aristolochia rzedowskiana Santana Mich. & Guzm.-Hern.
- 管蘭香 Aristolochia saccata Hook.f. & Thomson ex Klotzsch,袋形馬兜鈴
- Aristolochia sagitifolia Moc. & Sessé, 1903
- Aristolochia saltensis Speg. ex Hosseus, 1921
- Aristolochia samanensis O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia samarensis Merr.
- Aristolochia samsunensis P.H.Davis
- Aristolochia savannoidea Paizanni & M.Ramírez
- Aristolochia scandens Mill.
- Aristolochia schlechteri Lauterb.
- Aristolochia schottii L.Marión
- Aristolochia schreiteri Ahumada
- Aristolochia schultzeana O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia schulzii Ahumada
- Aristolochia schulzii Hieron. ex Hosseus, 1921
- Aristolochia schunkeana F.González
- 革葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia scytophylla S. M. Hwang & D. Y. Chen
- Aristolochia secunda Pfeifer
- Aristolochia sempervirens L.
- Aristolochia sepicola Mast.
- Aristolochia sepikensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia sericea Blanco
- Aristolochia sessilifolia (Klotzsch) Malme
- Aristolochia setosa Duch.
- Aristolochia setulosa A.A.M.Araújo
- Aristolochia sicula Tineo
- Aristolochia silvatica Barb.Rodr.
- Aristolochia sinaloae Brandegee
- Aristolochia singalangensis Korth. ex DingHou
- 中緬馬兜鈴 Aristolochia sinoburmanica Y. H. Tan & B.Yang[12]
- Aristolochia smilacea L.
- Aristolochia smilacina (Klotzsch) Duch.
- Aristolochia socorroensis Pfeifer
- Aristolochia sparsifolia (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia sparusifolia (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia stahelii O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia stenocarpa Kuntze
- Aristolochia stenosiphon P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
- Aristolochia steupii Woronow
- Aristolochia stomachoides Hoehne
- Aristolochia stomachoidis Hoehne
- Aristolochia stuckertii Speg.
- Aristolochia styloglossa Pfeifer
- Aristolochia styoglossa Pfeifer
- Aristolochia subglobosa J.Freitas, Lírio & F.González
- Aristolochia surinamensis Willd.
- 耳葉馬兜鈴 Aristolochia tagala Champ.
- Aristolochia taliscana Hook. & Arn.
- Aristolochia tamnifolia (Klotzsch) Duch.
- Aristolochia tentaculata O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia tequilana S.Watson
- Aristolochia teretiflora Pfeifer
- Aristolochia theriaca Mart. ex Duch.
- 川西馬兜鈴 Aristolochia thibetica Franch.
- Aristolochia thotteaeformis T.V.Do & Luu
- Aristolochia thozetii F.Muell.
- 海邊馬兜鈴 Aristolochia thwaitesii Hook.
- Aristolochia tigrina A.Rich.
- Aristolochia tithonusiana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
- Aristolochia tonduzii O.Schmidt
- 銅壁關馬兜鈴 Aristolochia tongbiguanensis J.Y.Shen, Q.B.Gong & S.Landrein[13]
- Aristolochia translucida Pfeifer
- 粉質花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia transsecta (Chatterjee) C. Y. Wu ex S. M. Hwang
- Aristolochia transtillifera DingHou
- Aristolochia tresmariae Ferris
- Aristolochia triactina Hook.fil.
- Aristolochia triana Duch., 1864
- Aristolochia trianae Duch.
- Aristolochia trianaei Duch.
- Aristolochia triangularis Cham.
- 長嘴馬兜鈴 Aristolochia tribolata L., 1753
- Aristolochia trichostoma Griseb.
- Aristolochia trilabiata Glaz.
- Aristolochia trilobata L.
- Aristolochia trulliformis Mast.
- Aristolochia truncata Fielding & Gardner
- 背蛇生 Aristolochia tuberosa C.F.Liang & S.M.Hwang
- 管花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia tubiflora Dunn
- Aristolochia tuitensis Santana Mich. & Paizanni
- Aristolochia tyrrhena E.Nardi & Arrigoni
- Aristolochia uhdeana Duch.
- Aristolochia urbaniana Taub.
- Aristolochia urupaensis Hoehne
- 囊花馬兜鈴 Aristolochia utriformis S. M. Hwang
- Aristolochia valentina Duch.
- Aristolochia variifolia Duch.
- Aristolochia velutina Duch.
- Aristolochia versabilifolia Pfeifer
- 變色馬兜鈴 Aristolochia versicolor S. M. Hwang
- 黃毛馬兜鈴 Aristolochia vestita Ohi-Toma, P.Li & Watan.-Toma
- Aristolochia viperina Chodat & Hassl.
- Aristolochia vitiensis A.C.Sm.
- Aristolochia vuquangensis T.V.Do[14]
- Aristolochia wankeana J.Freitas, F.González & Poncy
- Aristolochia warmingii Mast.
- Aristolochia watsonii Wooton & Standl.
- Aristolochia weberbaueri O.Schmidt
- Aristolochia weddellii Duch.
- Aristolochia wendeliana Hoehne
- 文山馬兜鈴 Aristolochia wenshanensis Lei Cai, D.M.He & Z.L.Dao[15]
- Aristolochia werdermanniana O.C.Schmidt
- 香港馬兜鈴 Aristolochia westlandii Hemsl.
- Aristolochia whitei I.M.Johnst.
- Aristolochia wilcoxiana Berry, 1916
- Aristolochia williamsii Rusby
- Aristolochia williardiana Knowlton, 1916
- Aristolochia wrightii Seem.
- Aristolochia xerophytica R.E.Schult.
- 雅長馬兜鈴 Aristolochia yachangensis B.G.Huang, Yan Liu & Y.S.Huang [16]
- Aristolochia yalaensis Phuph.
- 楊氏馬兜鈴 Aristolochia yangii
- Aristolochia yungasensis Rusby
- Aristolochia zebrina J.Freitas & F.González
- Aristolochia zenkeri Engl.
- 中甸馬兜鈴 Aristolochia zhongdianensis J.S.Ma
- 港口馬兜鈴 Aristolochia zollingeriana Miq.
- Aristolochia zonguldakensis Yild.
- 雜交種:
- Aristolochia ×compta Hoehne
- Aristolochia ×domingensis Ekman & O.C.Schmidt
- Aristolochia ×gueneri Malyer & Tosunoglu
- Aristolochia ×gypsicola Tosunoglu & Malyer
- 歸入本屬的物種:
- Catalpa crassifolia (Newberry, 1868)
- Hexaplectris bicolor Raf.
- Hexaplectris fuscata Raf.
中醫使用
中醫認為馬兜鈴屬下的馬兜鈴(A. debilis)、北馬兜鈴(A. contorta)、木通馬兜鈴(A. manshuriensis)以及防己馬兜鈴(A. fangchi)等皆可入藥,藥用的不同植物部分有着不同的中文名稱:[17]
種 | 入藥植物器官 | 中文名稱 |
---|---|---|
馬兜鈴 | 根 | 青木香 |
馬兜鈴 | 葉 | 天仙藤 |
馬兜鈴 | 果實 | 馬兜鈴 |
北馬兜鈴 | 葉 | 天仙藤 |
北馬兜鈴 | 果實 | 馬兜鈴 |
木通馬兜鈴 | 莖 | 關木通 |
防己馬兜鈴 | 根 | 廣防己 |
腎毒性
有研究認為上述中草藥中所含馬兜鈴酸具有消炎抗菌作用並具有一定抗癌活性,但同時具有腎毒性會引起泌尿道上皮癌為每百萬核鹼基(nucleobase/base)就有150個核鹼基基因突變,馬兜鈴酸基因突變能力強度是現今已知最強的致癌物質。[18][19][20]由服用這類草藥導致的疾病在早期被稱為「中草藥腎病」(Chinese herbs nephropathy,CHN),後來改稱「馬兜鈴酸腎病」(aristolochic acid nephropathy,AAN)。[21]另有研究表明,馬兜鈴酸經人體代謝將成為一種具有遺傳毒性的突變原,並可引發癌症。[22]美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)在2001年向美國市民發出有關警報。[23]歐洲各國及美國已頒佈禁令,禁止進口及出售含有馬兜鈴酸的草藥。[24]
參考文獻
引用
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- ^ 《中国植物志》第24卷:马兜铃属(Aristolochia L.). 中國植物物種信息數據庫(DCP).
- ^ 中国种子植物科属词典. 中國數字植物標本館. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-11). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Xinxin, Zhu; Jun, Wang; Shuai, Liao; Jinshuang, Ma. Synopsis of Aristolochia L. and Isotrema Raf. (Aristolochiaceae) in China. Biodiversity Science. 2019-10-20, 27 (10): 1143. doi:10.17520/biods.2019183.
- ^ 馬金雙. 东亚和南亚马兜铃属的补订. 植物分類學報. 1994, 32 (3): 290–292 [2020-11-25]. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-20). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Shi LS, Kuo PC, Tsai YL, Damu AG, Wu TS. The alkaloids and other constituents from the root and stem of Aristolochia elegans.. Bioorg Med Chem. Jan 15, 2004, 12 (2): 439–446 [2012-06-13]. PMID 14723962. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-29) (英語). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Zhu, Xin-Xin; Li, Xiao-Qin; Liao, Shuai; Du, Cheng; Wang, Yuan; Wang, Zhang-Hua; Yan, Jing; Zuo, Yun-Juan; Ma, Jinshuang. Reinstatement of Isotrema, a new generic delimitation of Aristolochia subgen. Siphisia (Aristolochiaceae) journal=Phytotaxa 401 (1): 1. 2019-04-10. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.401.1.1.
- ^ Aristolochia L.. GBIF. [2023-02-15]. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-05). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Eladio Fernández, Irina Ferreras, Brian D. Farrell, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros and Gustavo Adolfo Romero-González. 2019. Studies in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) of Hispaniola. Phytotaxa. 420(1); 1-20. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.420.1.1
- ^ Truong Van Do, Thao Thi Hoang, Fang Wen, Stefan Wanke, Malcolm Forbes, Phetlasy Souladeth. 2023. Aristolochia laotica (subgen. Siphisia), A New Species from Northeastern Laos. Phytotaxa. 591(2); 155-163. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.2.7, http://Researchgate.net/publication/369778517_Aristolochia_laotica_a_new_species_from_Northeastern_Laos
- ^ Truong Van Do, Stefan Wanke, Christoph Neinhuis and Rachun Pooma. 2015. Aristolochia phuphathanaphongiana sp. nov. from southwestern Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany. 33(5); 567–571. DOI: 10.1111/njb.00889
- ^ 中缅马兜铃——缅北马兜铃属一新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-18). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ 云南西部发现马兜铃属一新种——铜壁关马兜铃. NSII. [2023-02-17]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-17). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Truong Van Do, Hung Viet Nguyen and Khuong Duy Le. 2021. Aristolochia vuquangensis (Aristolochiaceae), A New Species from Central Vietnam. Phytotaxa. 500(1); 37–44. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.1.5
- ^ 云南发现马兜铃科一新种——文山马兜铃. NSII. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ 广西岩溶地区发现马兜铃科植物新种:雅长马兜铃. NSII. [2023-02-15]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-15). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
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- ^ 記者陳麗婷/台北報導,"致癌馬兜鈴酸 老鼠吃3天就傷害久遠"[2],聯合晚報,2013.08.08-03:10 pm.
- ^ C.P. Khare (編). Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage, Botany 1. Springer. Jan 22, 2004. ISBN 978-3540010265.
- ^ Cosyns JP. Aristolochic acid and 'Chinese herbs nephropathy': a review of the evidence to date.. Drug Saf. 2003, 26 (1): 33–48 [2012-06-13]. PMID 12495362. doi:10.2165/00002018-200326010-00004. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-26) (英語). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Arlt VM, Stiborova M, Schmeiser HH. Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies: a review (PDF). Mutagenesis. 2002, 17 (4): 265–277. doi:10.1093/mutage/17.4.265 (英語).
- ^ Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid. Apr 11, 2001 [2012-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2010-02-16). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ U.S. Adds 8 Chemicals -- Some Common -- to Carcinogen List: New Carcinogens. Cancer Health Center. [2012-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2012-06-20). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
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