用戶:DavidHuai1999/編輯區/14
洗授權是指另一方複製一件受著作權保護的作品，並使用一個新的許可協議替換原先的許可協議。然後，這一方非法地以新的許可協議發表這件作品。
洗內容
在線資源庫維基共享資源存放自由許可協議的媒體及其它文件。[1]:422例如那些已經屬於公有領域的文件，可以在未經作者同意或未向作者支付權利金的情況下再次散佈。[1]:424上傳到資源庫的文件如果具有限制性許可條款（例如禁止演繹或商業使用），都將被刪除。
在維基共享資源，圖像託管和視頻託管網站Flickr是一個常見的文件來源[2]:268 它的用戶將自己創作的內容上傳到Flickr的伺服器上，為每個作品分配一個許可，或者接受一個默認的版權許可。[3]:94 It was found that some Flickr users upload content that is not their own creation, and for which they have no authority or licence grant to do so. Some of these works are erroneously assigned a free licence, apparently permitting their unrestricted distribution, including uploading the content to Wikimedia Commons. The practice has come to be known as "Flickr washing" on Wikimedia Commons, as it is the most common site from which licence laundered files are uploaded.[4]
在Flickr或Picasa等圖像託管提供商和YouTube等視頻託管提供商中，對媒體和相關文件進行洗授權是常見的。[5]
洗源碼
在軟件開發中，程式設計師洗授權表現為當使用由一個或多個其他程式設計師編寫的原始碼，但從源文件中刪除許可協議或更改文件的信頭以排除其修訂歷史或其他細節時。
Another example is using code released under one licence, and redistributing it under a different licence.[6] After SCO Group asserted it owned the intellectual property rights to Unix, a series of SCO/Linux controversies resulted, with SCO Groups chief executive officer Darl McBride stating that "The world is not about stealing （原文如此） people's code, laundering it and saying everything's OK."[7] In SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., Novell was found to be the owner of Unix copyrights.[8]
Code for open-source software may be released with a pre-approved non-reciprocal licence permitting its use in other projects, which facilitates license laundering.[9]:486 To avoid such laundering, developers and project managers should determine the source of the code, and mitigate potential problems with a quality assurance inspection.[9]:486
鑑定
鑑定洗授權，可以通過檢測作品的矛盾之處來鑑定。多數內容創建者使用一組公共元素，這些元素在他們的作品集中是一致的，例如樣式或筆跡。用戶參與洗授權通常是上傳風格多樣的文件，因為這些風格反映了作者的想法，而不是洗授權上傳者。[5]
Image licence laundering may be detected by using reverse image search engines, such as TinEye or Google "Search by image".[5] These services compare the characteristics of a reference work to a database containing the characteristics for numerous works analyzed by the service provider by spidering the World Wide Web. The results of a reverse image search may indicate the original source of the content.[10]
另一種技術涉及檢查與文件關聯的Exif數據。如果數據在一組文件中總體一致，那麼這些文件很可能是由同一個人生成的；如果數據有顯著差異，則表明可能存在盜版。[5] An example is a set of photographs generated by different camera models.
參見
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben. How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it. No Starch Press. 2008. ISBN 9781593271763.
- ^ Weinberg, Tamar. The New Community Rules: Marketing on the Social Web. O'Reilly Media. 2009. ISBN 978-0-596-15681-7.
- ^ Bausch, Paul; Bumgardner, Jim. Flickr Hacks: Tips & Tools for Sharing Photos Online. O'Reilly Media. 2006. ISBN 0-596-10245-3.
- ^ License laundering. Wikimedia Commons. 2 June 2016 [Original version published 2009] [5 January 2017].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wattenberg, Leo. licence considerations. 31 January 2015 [5 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-26）.
- ^ Naughton, Edward J. Operating (system) without a license: Does Section 4 of the GPL leave Google and Android device manufacturers unlicensed? (Part 2). Emerging Technologies Blog. Brown Rudnick LLP Attorney. 11 August 2011 [11 February 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-23）.
- ^ Weiss, Todd R. Users outraged as SCO stakes Linux legal claim. Computerworld. 19 May 2003 [24 September 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-13）.
- ^ Harvey, Tom. Decision in SCO-Novell case ripples beyond Utah. The Salt Lake Tribune. 30 March 2010 [11 February 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-03）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Davidson, Stephen J.; Levi, Stuart D. Open Source Software: Risks, benefits & practical realities in the corporate environment. Intellectual property course handbook. Practising Law Institute. 2005.
- ^ How can I use TinEye to find the copyright owner of an image?. Frequently asked questions. TinEye. [5 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-22）.
<references>標籤中name屬性為「ITNews」的參考文獻沒有在文中使用延伸閱讀
- Tatsubori, Michiaki; Gangadharan, G.R. Service Commons -- Serve and Serve Alike: Applying the Creative Commons Spirit to Web Services. 2012 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Services Computing. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. June 2012 [5 January 2017]. doi:10.1109/SCC.2012.93.