伊維菌素
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伊維菌素(英語:ivermectin)也稱為愛獲滅,是一種阿維菌素家族[1]有效抗多種寄生蟲的治療藥物[2],其適用於治療頭蝨[1]、疥蟎引起的疥瘡[3],蟠尾絲蟲症(河盲症)[4],線蟲感染[5],班氏絲蟲感染導致的象皮病等[6]。伊維菌素可以塗抹於皮膚或是口服,但應避免接觸眼睛[1]
臨床資料 | |
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懷孕分級 |
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給藥途徑 | 口服 |
ATC碼 | |
藥物動力學數據 | |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 93% |
藥物代謝 | 肝臟; CYP450 |
生物半衰期 | 18小時 |
排泄途徑 | 糞便; 尿液<1% |
識別資訊 | |
| |
CAS號 | 70288-86-7 71827-03-7 |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEMBL | |
PDB配體ID | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.067.738 |
化學資訊 | |
化學式 | C48H74O14 |
摩爾質量 | 875.11 g·mol−1 |
常見的副作用包含眼睛紅癢,皮膚乾燥與灼燒感[1]。目前尚不清楚在孕期中使用是否安全,但是在哺乳期使用似乎尚可[7]。其作用機制是使增加無脊椎動物的細胞膜可透性,導致它們死亡。
伊維菌素發現於1975年,並在1981年列為藥物[6][8]。 它是世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單中的一部份,是基層健康衛生系統中非常重要的藥物[9]。一套治療流程需要的藥物售價約為0.12美金[10],在美國約要價25到50美金[5],在其他的動物身上,伊維菌素用於治療與預防犬心絲蟲等疾病[2]。
歷史
伊維菌素這種高效低毒的藥品由日本北里大學有機化學家大村智和默克藥廠默克治療研究所的威廉·坎貝爾從阿維菌素提煉出來[11],並於1981年被引入治療[12]。2015年度的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎的一半聯合授予坎貝爾和大村,理由是「這種衍生物從根本上降低了河盲症和淋巴絲蟲病(「象皮病」)的發病率,以及有效對抗快速增加中的其他寄生蟲疾病「[13]。
在其他動物的用途
伊維菌素對綿羊疥癬有高度治癒力。同時,它也能對抗羊痂恙蟲、綿羊蝨蠅、羊狂蠅的幼蟲及胃腸中大部分的線蟲和肺寄生蟲,且能控制綠頭蒼蠅的排泄物引起的蠅蛆病。使用在綿羊疥癬上時,最常用的劑型為長效型伊維菌素控制釋放膠囊。
研究
伊維菌素在體外對包括SARS-CoV-2在內的若干正單鏈RNA病毒有抗病毒作用。[14]後續研究發現本藥在猴腎細胞對SARS-CoV-2的半抑制濃度為2.2–2.8μM。[15][16]伊維菌素在人體內達到抗病毒作用所需劑量遠高於人用最高批准劑量、亦超過可安全實現劑量。[17][18]本藥通過抑制輸入蛋白α/β1的核運輸達到抗病毒作用,在上述劑量下對宿主有毒。[19]因此現在缺乏展開本藥COVID-19的臨床檢驗的理由。[20]
多人因服用馬用伊維菌素濃縮劑住院;過度用藥亦已導致死亡病例;病人可能因本藥與其他藥物相互作用死亡。[21]截至2021年6月[update]。為解決原有小規模、低質量研究的不確定之處,美國和英國展開了大規模臨床研究。[22][23]
眾多學者對本藥運用於COVID-19的研究有重大方法缺陷,證據水平因此很低。[20][24][25]眾多組織因此公開表示本藥對於治療COVID-19有效的證據薄弱。2021年2月,本藥的研發廠商默克發表聲明表示目前沒有本藥對COVID-19有效的適當證據、以此目的使用本藥亦相當危險。[26][27]美國國立衛生研究院COVID-19治療指南表示本藥證據極其有限,無法做出任何建議。[28]英國全國COVID-19治療諮詢委員會認定本藥用於COVID-19治療的證據和可行性不足以進行下一步調查.[29]
美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)未批准本藥在美國治療任何病毒疾病、在歐洲亦未獲准用於治療COVID-19。[28][30] 在審核本藥相關證據後,歐洲藥品管理局(EMA)表示目前數據不支持在良好設計的臨床試驗外使用本藥。[30]2021年3月,FDA及EMA皆發佈指南表示不應使用本藥治療COVID-19。[21][30]世界衛生組織亦表示本藥除臨床試驗外不應用於治療COVID-19。[31]巴西國家衛生監督局、巴西傳染病學會、巴西胸腔學會發佈聲明反對使用本藥預防或治療早期COVID-19。[32][33][34]
參見
參考資料
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- ^ Panahi, Y; Poursaleh, Z; Goldust, M. The efficacy of topical and oral ivermectin in the treatment of human scabies.. Annals of parasitology. 2015, 61 (1): 11–6. PMID 25911032.
- ^ Sneader, Walter. Drug Discovery a History.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 2005: 333 [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9780470015520. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-31).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Hamilton, Richard J. Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 deluxe lab-pocket edition 15th edition. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2014: 422 [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9781284053999. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-31).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Mehlhorn, Heinz. Encyclopedia of parasitology 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer. 2008: 646 [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9783540489948. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-31).
- ^ Ivermectin Levels and Effects while Breastfeeding. [2016-01-16]. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-01).
- ^ Vercruysse, edited by J.; Rew, R.S. Macrocyclic lactones in antiparasitic therapy. Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. 2002: Preface [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9780851998404. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-31).
- ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [2014-04-22]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-04-23).
- ^ Ivermectin. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2016-01-16].[永久失效連結]
- ^ Fisher MH, Mrozik H. The chemistry and pharmacology of avermectins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1992, 32: 537–53. PMID 1605577. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.002541.
- ^ W. C. CAMPBELL; R. W. BURG, , M. H. FISHER, and , R. A. DYBAS. The Discovery of Ivermectin and Other Avermectins. American Chemical Society: 5–20. 1984-06-26 [2015-10-09]. ISBN 9780841210837. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-01).
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- ^ Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research. April 2020, 178: 104787. PMC 7129059 . PMID 32251768. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787.
- ^ Şimşek Yavuz S, Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. April 2020, 50 (SI-1): 611–619. PMC 7195979 . PMID 32293834. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-145 .
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