關鍵路徑
關鍵路徑法(Critical Path Method,CPM),又稱為要徑法,是計劃項目活動中用到的一種算術方法。[1]對於有效的計劃管理而言,關鍵路徑是一個十分重要的工具。與計劃評核術(Program Evaluation and Review Technique,PERT)非常類似。要徑法所使用的估計作業時間是單一或確定的,而計劃評核術則是使用概率性的估計作業時間。這兩種技術經常混合使用,簡稱CPM/PERT。
歷史
關鍵路徑法(CPM)是一種項目模型技術,在1950年代由杜邦的Morgan R. Walker和James E. Kelley提出。[2]1989年,Kelley和Walker回憶了他們與開發CPM相關的記憶。[3]Kelley為計劃評核術的開發人員提供了當時由博思艾倫漢密爾頓控股公司和美國海軍聯合開發的「關鍵路徑」技術。[4]關鍵路徑法最早由杜邦公司在1940到1943年間實行,直接導致了曼哈頓計劃的成功。[5]
CPM可用於各類項目,包括建築、空間和軍事、軟件開發、研究項目、產品研發、工程、工廠維護等等。任何具有獨立活動的項目都可採用數學分析。儘管原始的CPM項目不再應用,但這個術語可用於任何分析項目網絡邏輯圖的方法。
基本技術
參見
參考
- ^ Kelley, James. Critical Path Planning and Scheduling: Mathematical Basis. Operations Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, May–June, 1961.
- ^ Kelley, James; Walker, Morgan. Critical-Path Planning and Scheduling. 1959 Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference.
- ^ Kelley, James; Walker, Morgan. The Origins of CPM: A Personal History. PMNETwork 3(2):7-22.
- ^ Newell, M; Grashina, M. The Project Management Question and Answer Book. American Management Association. 2003: 98.
- ^ Thayer, Harry. Management of the Hanford Engineer Works in World War II, How the Corps, DuPont and the Metallurgical Laboratory fast tracked the original plutonium works. ASCE Press, pp. 66-67. 1996.
- ^ Samuel L. Baker, Ph.D. "Critical Path Method (CPM)" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) University of South Carolina, Health Services Policy and Management Courses
- ^ Armstrong-Wright, MICE, A. T. Critical Path Method: Introduction and Practice. Longman Group LTD, London, 1969, pp5ff.
更多閱讀
- Project Management Institute. A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge 3rd. Project Management Institute. 2003. ISBN 1-930699-45-X.
- Klastorin, Ted. Project Management: Tools and Trade-offs 3rd. Wiley. 2003. ISBN 978-0-471-41384-4.
- Heerkens, Gary. Project Management(The Briefcase Book Series). McGraw–Hill. 2001. ISBN 0-07-137952-5.
- Kerzner, Harold. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling 8th. 2003. ISBN 0-471-22577-0.
- Lewis, James. Fundamentals of Project Management 2nd. American Management Association. 2002. ISBN 0-8144-7132-3.
- Milosevic, Dragan Z. Project Management ToolBox: Tools and Techniques for the Practicing Project Manager. Wiley. 2003. ISBN 978-0-471-20822-8.
- O'Brien, James J.; Plotnick, Fredric L. CPM in Construction Management, Seventh Edition. McGraw Hill. 2010. ISBN 978-0-07-163664-3.
- Woolf, Murray B. Faster Construction Projects with CPM Scheduling. McGraw Hill. 2007. ISBN 978-0-07-148660-6.