年齡偏好

年齡偏好（英語：Chronophilia）是由約翰·曼尼提出來的一個有關性偏離的心理學術語，指的是一個個體的經常性性興趣集中在某一個特定年齡段里。^[1]^[2] 這個術語還沒有被性學家們廣泛採用，而是僅僅採用了其對於特定年齡段的定義。而由理查德·馮·克拉夫特-埃賓提出的頗具爭議的概念「年齡崇拜（age fetishism）」則被視為是該術語的前身。^[3]

亞類型

針對未成年人

心理學上將針對未成年人的性偏好統稱為「戀童」。但是在《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊（第五版）》發展期間，有學者提議用「戀少兒（Pedohebephilia）」這個名詞來取代「戀童」，並將「戀少兒」細分成「戀童（Pedophilia）」和「戀少年（Hebephilia）」兩個子類型。戀少兒更多地是指一種性吸引力，屬於心理學範疇。^[4] 根據擬議的修訂，由於戀少兒而導致功能失調的人將被診斷為「戀少兒症（Pedohebephilic Disorder）」。人們會因為性興趣的不同而被區分到這種，或那種，或兩種內。不過這擬議的修訂並沒有被通過，也沒有出現在最終版的《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊（第五版）》中。

針對青春期前的未成年人

戀嬰幼（英語：Infantophilia）（Infantophilia，Nepiophilia）是戀童的子類型，特指對幼兒或嬰兒（5歲及5歲以下）有性偏好。^[5]

戀童（Pedophilia）是一種心理障礙，指的是成年人或年紀較大的青少年對於青春期前的兒童有性偏好。^[6]^[7] 根據《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊（第五版）》，戀童是一種性慾倒錯，特指一個人對於兒童有強烈的性慾望並且經常往復地對兒童有性衝動和性幻想。戀童癖進一步定義為心理障礙的標準是指某人符合戀童的定義標準之後，或者作用於那些衝動，或者因此痛苦，或者由此陷入到人際關係困難。^[8]^[9] 16歲及16歲以上人士可根據《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》或《國際疾病與相關健康問題統計分類》進行診斷。^[10] 並不是所有的兒童性虐待都是戀童者所造成的；同樣，不是所有戀童者都會對兒童性虐待。^[11]

針對青春期的未成年人

戀少年（Hebephilia）和戀青少年（Ephebophilia）分別指的是針對前青少年期和後青少年期的未成年人有性偏好的人群。^[12]

針對成年人

戀成年（Teleiophilia）——該名詞詞根源自希臘語「téleios」（意為「長大成人」），指的是一種針對成年人的性偏好。^[13] 該名詞由雷·布蘭查德（英語：Ray Blanchard）在2000年提出。^[14]

戀中年（Mesophilia）——該名詞詞根源自希臘語「mesos」（意為「中間階段」），指的是一種針對中年人的性偏好。該名詞由米高·司徒（英語：Michael Seto）在2016年提出。^[15]

戀老年（Gerontophilia）——指的是一種針對老年人的性偏好。^[16]

參考資料

^ Money, John. Lovemaps: clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition of childhood, adolescence, and maturity. 1986: 70, 260. ISBN 0-8290-1589-2.
^ Money, John. Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. 1990: 137, 183. ISBN 0-19-505407-5.
^ Janssen, D.F. "Chronophilia": Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology. Medical History. 2015, 59 (4): 575–598. ISSN 0025-7273. PMC 4595948  . PMID 26352305. doi:10.1017/mdh.2015.47.
^ DSM-5 U 03 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-11-13.
^ Greenberg DM, Bradford J, Curry S. Infantophilia--a new subcategory of pedophilia?: a preliminary study. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995, 23 (1): 63–71. PMID 7599373. .
^ World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-10 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-09-21. Section F65.4: Pedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents)
^ Blanchard, R.; Kolla, N. J.; Cantor, J. M.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T. IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2007, 19 (3): 285–309. doi:10.1177/107906320701900307.
^ American Psychiatric Association, Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期October 19, 2013，. Paraphilic disorders (page 18)
^ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision). Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. June 2000: 943 [2017-11-26]. ISBN 978-0-89042-024-9. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-25）.
^ The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders – Diagnostic criteria for research (PDF). [2017-11-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-06-18）. (715 KB) (see F65.4, pp. 166–167)
^ Fagan PJ, Wise TN, Schmidt CW, Berlin FS. Pedophilia. JAMA. November 2002, 288 (19): 2458–65 [2017-11-26]. PMID 12435259. doi:10.1001/jama.288.19.2458. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-04）.
^ Blanchard, R. Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9.
^ Blanchard, R.; Barbaree, H. E.; Bogaert, A. F.; Dickey, R.; Klassen, P.; Kuban, M. E.; Zucker, KJ; et al. Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2000, 29 (5): 463–478. PMID 10983250. doi:10.1023/A:1001943719964.
^ Blanchard, R. & Barbaree, H. E. The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: Comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2005, 17 (4): 441–456. doi:10.1177/107906320501700407.
^ Seto,M. The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2016. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y.
^ Kaul, A.; Duffy, S. Gerontophilia: A case report. Medicine, Science and the Law. 1991, 31: 110–114.

[1] Money, John. Lovemaps: clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition of childhood, adolescence, and maturity. 1986: 70, 260. ISBN 0-8290-1589-2.

[2] Money, John. Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. 1990: 137, 183. ISBN 0-19-505407-5.

[janssen-3] Janssen, D.F. "Chronophilia": Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology. Medical History. 2015, 59 (4): 575–598. ISSN 0025-7273. PMC 4595948  . PMID 26352305. doi:10.1017/mdh.2015.47.

[4] DSM-5 U 03 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-11-13.

[5] Greenberg DM, Bradford J, Curry S. Infantophilia--a new subcategory of pedophilia?: a preliminary study. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995, 23 (1): 63–71. PMID 7599373. .

[WHOPaedophilia-6] World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-10 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-09-21. Section F65.4: Pedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents)

[Blanchard2007-7] Blanchard, R.; Kolla, N. J.; Cantor, J. M.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T. IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2007, 19 (3): 285–309. doi:10.1177/107906320701900307.

[8] American Psychiatric Association, Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期October 19, 2013，. Paraphilic disorders (page 18)

[dsm4-9] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision). Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. June 2000: 943 [2017-11-26]. ISBN 978-0-89042-024-9. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-25）.

[ICD10-10] The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders – Diagnostic criteria for research (PDF). [2017-11-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-06-18）. (715 KB) (see F65.4, pp. 166–167)

[faganJAMA-11] Fagan PJ, Wise TN, Schmidt CW, Berlin FS. Pedophilia. JAMA. November 2002, 288 (19): 2458–65 [2017-11-26]. PMID 12435259. doi:10.1001/jama.288.19.2458. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-04）.

[Blanchard2008-12] Blanchard, R. Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9.

[13] Blanchard, R.; Barbaree, H. E.; Bogaert, A. F.; Dickey, R.; Klassen, P.; Kuban, M. E.; Zucker, KJ; et al. Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2000, 29 (5): 463–478. PMID 10983250. doi:10.1023/A:1001943719964.

[14] Blanchard, R. & Barbaree, H. E. The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: Comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2005, 17 (4): 441–456. doi:10.1177/107906320501700407.

[15] Seto,M. The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2016. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y.

[16] Kaul, A.; Duffy, S. Gerontophilia: A case report. Medicine, Science and the Law. 1991, 31: 110–114.

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