科學統一論
概論
縱使物理學和社會學是不同的學科,但科學統一論說,它們原則上是科學的一部分。科學論文的統一通常與自然界中的組織層次相關聯,其中物理學是最基本的,化學的水平於物理學之上,生物學是高於化學,生物學高於生物學,如此類推。此外,細胞、生物和培養物都見於生物學,但它們代表三種不同水平的生物組織。
科學統一論提出可以視科學為一個集(例如,在讓·皮亞傑的1918年作品Recherche中),其中邏輯是數學的基礎,而數學又是力學和物理學的基礎;物理學是化學的基礎,化學是生物學的基礎,生物學是社會學、道德科學、心理學和知識理論的基礎;知識理論是建立在邏輯基礎之上的。[1]
卡爾·路德維希·馮·貝塔郎非在「一般系統理論:科學統一的新方法」(1951)以及保羅奧本海姆和希拉里·懷特哈爾·普特南在「科學作為工作假設的統一」中對科學論文的統一性進行了明確的闡述和初步論證(1958年)。 傑里福多在「特殊科學(或:科學作為一種工作假設的不統一)」(1974),保羅·費耶阿本德在「反對方法」 (1975)和後來的作品以及約翰·杜普雷在「不團結」中的着名論述。科學「(1983)和」物種的紊亂:科學不統一的形而上學基礎「 (1993)。
參見
參考文獻
- ^ Piaget, Jean. Recherche (PDF). www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch. 2006 [9 February 2017]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-13).
進階閱讀
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