美國憲法第四條
美利堅合眾國憲法第四條規定了美國各州的責任、新州的加入,以及聯邦和各州的相應權限。其中還包括有勞役逃犯條款,這一條款的主要目的是為了防止蓄奴州的黑奴在逃往自由州後就自動成為了自由公民。而旨在廢除奴隸制的美利堅合眾國憲法第十三條修正案於1865年12月6日通過後,這一條款就已經沒有了意義。
第一款:充分信任和尊重
Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
第一款要求各州「對於他州的公共法律、案卷和司法程序」「給予充分信任和尊重」,並且國會可以通過法律來保證其效力。
聯邦最高法院在1813年對「米爾斯訴杜里案」("Mills v. Duryee",1t1 U.S. (7 Cranch) 481 (1813))的判決中裁定,任何一州內法庭的判決結果,其他各州法院也必須給予認可;聯邦法院也不能夠重審任何州法院中已經裁決的案件。之後,首席大法官約翰·馬歇爾進一步補充建議各州法院的司法判決必須被其他州法院視為最終判決而接受。
不過在1839年的麥克艾爾摩爾訴科恩案(38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 312 (1839))中,南卡羅萊納州的一個判決由於其申請進入喬治亞州執行的時限已過,因此被拒絕執行。聯邦最高法院在這個案子上支持了喬治亞州的意見,指出根據程序法,南卡羅萊納州應該在法院依法規定的時限內進入喬治亞州執法。
第二款:各州的責任
第1節:特權和豁免權
The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
第2節:引渡逃犯
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
第3節:勞役逃犯條款
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
第三款:新州、聯邦領地和財產
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
根據第三款,國會可以接受新的州加入聯邦。
第2節:聯邦領地和財產條款
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
第四款:聯邦的責任
第1節:共和政體
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, [...]
第2節:對抗侵略和平定內亂
[...] and [the United States] shall protect each of them [the States] against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
這一節要求合眾國保護各州免受入侵,並應各州議會或州行政長官(在州議會不能召開時)的請求平定內亂,這一規定曾於1967年底特律騷亂期間被討論,但最終並沒有使用。
註釋
延伸閱讀
- Adam H. Kurland, The Guarantee Clause as a Basis for Federal Prosecutions of State and Local Officials, 62 S. Cal. L. Rev. 369 (1989).