二体问题 (职业)

二体问题[1]two-body problem)是学术伉俪(配偶或其他任何形式的伴侣)面临的困境,即双方很难在同一所学术机构或通勤距离合理的大学就职。[2]

一方无法适应另一方,就会产生这种困境,造成一种双输的局面。如果夫妻希望继续在一起,其中一方可能被迫放弃学术生涯,或者如果双方都希望从事学术事业,由于夫妻双方经常分居,这种关系可能会破裂。[3]自1990年代中期以来,“二体问题”一词一直用于指代在职夫妻。[4]

美国超过70%的学术教师处于双方都在工作的关系中,超过三分之一的教师的伴侣也在学术界工作。[5]

传统上,解决这个问题的方法是妻子打断自己的事业,支持丈夫的事业,通常还会存在一种积极歧视女性(尤其是已婚女性)的学术晋升制度。[6]过去一些明显的性别歧视已经得到改善,许多大学已经设立了配偶聘用(spousal hiring)计划或其他创造性的方法来解决这个问题。[7]尽管如此,性别妥协的压力仍然存在[8],并导致大量女性离开学术界。[9]

引用

  1. ^ ROGGE; REGIER; 姜天海. 科研“夫妻档”. 科学新闻. 2018, (2): 92–93. CNKI KXXE201802033
  2. ^ Bunker, B. B., Zubek, J. M., Vanderslice, V. J., & Rice, R. W. (1992). Quality of life in dual-career families: Commuting versus single-residence couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 399-407.
  3. ^ Benton, Thomas H. (pen name of William Pannapacker) (2009). "Just Don't Go, Part 2". The Chronicle of Higher Education, 13 March 2009, accessed 21 June 2012.
  4. ^ McNeil, Laurie. REPORT ON THE DUAL-CAREER-COUPLE SURVEY. 
  5. ^ Londa Schiebinger; Andrea Davies Henderson; Shannon K. Gilmartin. Dual-Career Academic Couples: What Universities Need to Know. The Clayman Institute for Gender Research. [19 March 2012]. 
  6. ^ Shover, Michele. Married Academic Women: "Go to the End of the Line". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. Spring 1978, 3 (1): 56–61. JSTOR 3345994. doi:10.2307/3345994. 
  7. ^ Landau, Susan. Universities and the two-body problem (PDF). Case, Bettye Anne; Leggett, Anne M. (编). Complexities: Women in Mathematics. Princeton University Press. 2005: 253–255. ISBN 0-691-11462-5. 
  8. ^ Wong, Jaclyn. Competing Desires: How Young Adult Couples Negotiate Moving for Career Opportunities. Gender & Society. 16 March 2017, 31 (2): 171–196. S2CID 152139751. doi:10.1177/0891243217695520. 
  9. ^ Larson, Samantha June; Miller, Annie; Drury, Ida. Reflections on tenure, the two-body problem, and retention in the 21st century academy. Journal of Public Affairs Education. May 2020, 26 (4): 506–530. S2CID 219415508. doi:10.1080/15236803.2020.1759346.