二甲双胍
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充,此条目在对应语言版为高品质条目。 (2023年12月24日) |
二甲双
临床资料 | |
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读音 | /mɛtˈfɔːrmɪn/, met-FAWR-min |
商品名 | Glucophage, other |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a696005 |
核准状况 | |
怀孕分级 |
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给药途径 | 口服 |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 |
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药物动力学数据 | |
生物利用度 | 50–60%[1][2] |
血浆蛋白结合率 | 很小[1] |
药物代谢 | 不经过肝脏[1] |
生物半衰期 | 4-8.7小时[1] |
排泄途径 | 尿液(90%)[1] |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 657-24-9 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.472 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C4H11N5 |
摩尔质量 | 129.17 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
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二甲双胍在人体通常没有显著副作用[8]。常见副作用包含腹泻、恶心,以及腹痛[3],造成低血糖的机会不大[3]。但值得关注的是,不当用药可能会导致乳酸中毒,严重者甚至会死亡[9]。肝病、肾功能衰竭者不宜服用本品[3],妊娠期间用药目前没有已知影响,但妊娠糖尿病一般建议以胰岛素进行治疗[3][10]。本品属于双胍类药物[3],借由降低肝脏糖质新生及提升胰岛素敏感度来达到治疗的效果[3]。
二甲双胍最早于1922年发现[11],但直到1950年代,法国内科医师让·斯特恩(Jean Sterne)开启了二甲双胍人类应用的临床研究[11]。1957年,本品开始在法国用于药用,并于1995年开始于美国使用[3][12]。本品列名于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中,为基础公卫体系必备药物之一[13]。目前相信口服给药是最有效的给药途径[11],本品属于通用名药物[3]。2014年本品于发达国家的批发价为0.21至5.55美元之间[14]。在美国,一个月疗程的药物花费约于 5 至 25 美元之间[3]。
药理
二甲双胍的分子药理机制目前尚不完全清楚。已知其至少作用于肝脏,减少糖异生(即葡萄糖的生产)与减轻胰岛素抵抗[15]。有研究表明二甲双胍可激活单磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK),是二甲双胍抑制肝脏糖异生、在胰岛素信号传导通路中提高胰岛素的敏感性不可缺少的机制之一[16]。AMPK作为蛋白激酶不仅在胰岛素信号传导通路中,在全身能量平衡以及葡萄糖和脂肪的代谢中也起着重要作用[17]。动物实验和临床研究均表明二甲双胍可诱导糖尿病的粪便微生物菌群构成发生重大变化,不仅可能有助于胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)的分泌及作用,还证实可改善胰岛素的敏感性,也是其抗2型糖尿病作用的重要机制之一[18][19]。
优势
- 不会增加体重
- 与其他药品相比不易造成低血糖
- 减少三酸甘油酯
- 对低密度脂蛋白有很好的效果
- 对血压无影响
- 价格低廉
缺点
抗衰老研究
一些资料显示,服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者,其存活率甚至超过其他条件类似但未患糖尿病的人群[20],而对二甲双胍在人类身上是否有抗衰老效果的临床实验预计于2016年冬在美国开始进行。流行病学研究表明,可预防心脏病、癌症和阿兹海默症等, 令致死疾病减少身体较健康,食十年以上整体增加一成多寿命。 [21]
注解
参考文献
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- ^ McKee, Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9780323029643. (原始内容存档于2020-09-14).
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延伸阅读
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