枕头堡之战

枕头堡之战又称枕头堡大屠杀，是1864年4月12日在田纳西州密西西比河畔枕头堡爆发的战斗，是南北战争的一部分。当时内森·贝德福德·福雷斯特指挥下的美利坚邦联国陆军士兵屠杀试图投降的联邦军士兵（其中许多是非裔美国人）。

枕头堡之战
南北战争的一部分
一幅展现美利坚邦联国陆军士兵屠杀联邦军士兵的漫画
日期 1864年4月12日 (1864-04-12) 地点 劳德代尔县 结果 美利坚联盟国获胜
参战方
美国 (联邦)	美利坚联盟国
指挥官与领导者
Lionel F. Booth † William F. Bradford †	内森·贝德福德·福雷斯特 James R. Chalmers
兵力
600	1,500–2,500
伤亡与损失
221 被杀, 130 受伤	100 14 被杀 86 受伤

参考书目

• Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Battles for Atlanta: Sherman Moves East. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0-8094-4773-8.
• Castel, Albert. "The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Civil War History 4 (March 1958).
• Cimprich, John, and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., eds. "Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence About An Old Controversy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Civil War History 4 (Winter, 1982). [Note 2005 book by Cimprich, below.]
• Clark, Achilles V. "A Letter of Account." Edited by Dan E. Pomeroy. Civil War Times Illustrated 24(4) (June 1985).
• Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
• Fisher, John E. They Rode With Forrest and Wheeler: A Chronicle of Five Tennessee Brothers' Service in the Confederate Western Cavalry. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0083-8.
• Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox. New York: Random House, 1974. ISBN 0-394-74913-8.
• Fuchs, Richard L. An Unerring Fire: The Massacre at Fort Pillow. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8117-1824-0.
• Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
• Grant, Ulysses S., Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs & Selected Letters. Library of America, 1990. ISBN 978-0940450585.
• Hupp, Stephen L. The Forgotten Battle of Fort Pillow and the Birth of the Ku Klux Klan. Library Journal. 15 June 2001: 117 [10 March 2018]. 
• Jordan, John L. "Was There a Massacre at Ft. Pillow?" Tennessee History Quarterly VI (June 1947): pp. 99–133.
• Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 4, The Organized War to Victory 1864–1865. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ISBN 1-56852-299-1.
• Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman. Library of America, 1990. ISBN 978-0940450653.
• The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series 1, Part 1 32. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1891 （英语）. 
• U.S. Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, "Fort Pillow Massacre." House Report No. 65, 38th Congress, 1st Session.
• Ward, Andrew. River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War. New York: Viking Adult, 2005. ISBN 0-670-03440-1.
• National Park Service battle description （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• CWSAC report update
• Burkhardt, George S. "No Quarter." North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society, vol. 10, no. 1.
• Cimprich, John. Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory. Louisiana State University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0807131107. 
• Frist, William Harrison, Jr. A Telling Battle: The Fort Pillow Massacre During the American Civil War, Senior Thesis No. 20318, Princeton University, 2006.
• Jordan, Thomas General, * Pryor J.P. Capt. The Campaigns Of General Nathan Bedford Forrest And Of Forrest's Cavalry, 1868, reprint 1996 Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-3068-0719-X
• United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Fort Pillow Massacre, United States House of Representatives, 38th Congress, Reports 65 and 67, May 1864 [February 22, 2018] 
• Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4696-4972-6.
• Wills, Brian Steel. The Confederacy's Greatest Cavalryman: Nathan Bedford Forrest. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. ISBN 0-7006-0885-0.
• Wills, Brian Steel. 'The River Was Dyed with Blood': Nathan Bedford Forrest and Fort Pillow. University of Oklahoma Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0806144535.