聚合钻石纳米棒

聚合钻石纳米棒(英语:Aggregated diamond nanorods,又称钻石纳米棒聚合体,简称ADNR),是一种纳米级晶型钻石,又称纳米钻石(nanodiamond)或超钻石(hyperdiamond)。聚合钻石纳米棒是于2003年由石墨的压缩制得的,也就是那次发现它比一般的钻石要硬得多,[1]这使得它成为已知最硬的材料。后来,富勒烯的压缩也制得了这种物质,并证实这是已知最硬和最难压缩的材料,等温体积弹性模量为491GPa,而一般钻石的模量为442–446 GPa;这些数据是从X射线衍射数据中得出的,并说明聚合钻石纳米棒的密度比普通钻石高0.3%。[2]同一个研究小组后来说:“聚合钻石纳米棒的硬度和杨氏模量与天然钻石相当,但具有更优的耐磨性。” [3]

硬度

纯钻石的<111>晶面(垂直于立方体对角线的平面)用纳米钻石刻划测试时的硬度为167±6 GPa,而纳米钻石样品本身用纳米钻石刻划测试时硬度达到了310GPa。[4]然而,这种测试只在刻划工具比测试样品更硬时才能得出正确结果。也就是说,纳米钻石的真实硬度可能略小于310 GPa。

制备

 
富勒体粉末(扫描电子显微镜所摄)

聚合钻石纳米棒可由压缩富勒体(英语:fullerite,富勒烯的一种固态形式)粉末制得,与上文所述方法有些类似。一种方法使用了金刚石压腔,在不加热的情况下对其施加大约37GPa的压力。[5]另一种方法是,将富勒体先用较小的压力(2–20GPa)压缩,然后加热到300–2500 K的温度。[6][7][8][9]聚合钻石纳米棒的超高硬度可能在上世纪90年代就有研究者报道。[4][5]这种材料是一系列相互连接的钻石纳米棒所构成,各纳米棒直径为5至20纳米,长度大约为1微米

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Irifune, Tetsuo; Kurio, Ayako; Sakamoto, Shizue; Inoue, Toru; Sumiya, Hitoshi. Ultrahard polycrystalline diamond from graphite. Nature. 2003-02-06, 421 (6923) [2022-10-31]. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12571587. doi:10.1038/421599b. (原始内容存档于2022-10-31) (英语). 
  2. ^ Dubrovinskaia, Natalia; Dubrovinsky, Leonid; Crichton, Wilson; Langenhorst, Falko; Richter, Asta. Aggregated diamond nanorods, the densest and least compressible form of carbon. Applied Physics Letters. 2005-08-22, 87 (8) [2022-10-31]. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..87h3106D. ISSN 0003-6951. doi:10.1063/1.2034101. (原始内容存档于2022-10-22) (英语). 
  3. ^ Dubrovinskaia, Natalia; Dub, Sergey; Dubrovinsky, Leonid. Superior Wear Resistance of Aggregated Diamond Nanorods. Nano Letters. 2006-04-01, 6 (4) [2022-10-31]. Bibcode:2006NanoL...6..824D. ISSN 1530-6984. doi:10.1021/nl0602084. (原始内容存档于2022-10-31) (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Blank, V.; Popov, M.; Pivovarov, G.; Lvova, N.; Gogolinsky, K.; Reshetov, V. Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite C60: Comparison with diamond on hardness and wear. Diamond and Related Materials. 1998-02-01, 7 (2) [2022-10-31]. Bibcode:1998DRM.....7..427B. ISSN 0925-9635. doi:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00232-X. (原始内容存档于2016-04-07) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Blank, V.; Popov, M.; Buga, S.; Davydov, V.; Denisov, V. N.; Ivlev, A. N.; Marvin, B. N.; Agafonov, V.; Ceolin, R.; Szwarc, H.; Rassat, A. Is C60 fullerite harder than diamond?. Physics Letters A. 1994-05-23, 188 (3). Bibcode:1994PhLA..188..281B. ISSN 0375-9601. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(94)90451-0 (英语). 
  6. ^ Kozlov, M. E.; Hirabayashi, M.; Nozaki, K.; Tokumoto, M.; Ihara, H. Superhard form of carbon obtained from C60 at moderate pressure. Synthetic Metals. Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. 1995-03-15, 70 (1). ISSN 0379-6779. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(94)02900-J (英语). 
  7. ^ Blank, V. D.; Buga, S. G.; Serebryanaya, N. R.; Denisov, V. N.; Dubitsky, G. A.; Ivlev, A. N.; Mavrin, B. N.; Popov, M. Yu. Ultrahard and superhard carbon phases produced from C60 by heating at high pressure: structural and Raman studies. Physics Letters A. 1995-09-11, 205 (2). ISSN 0375-9601. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(95)00564-J (英语). 
  8. ^ Szwarc, H.; Davydov, V. A.; Plotianskaya, S. A.; Kashevarova, L. S.; Agafonov, V.; Céolin, R. Chemical modifications of C60 under the influence of pressure and temperature: from cubic C60 to diamond. Synthetic Metals. 1996-02-01, 77 (1). ISSN 0379-6779. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(96)80100-7 (英语). 
  9. ^ Blank, V. D.; Buga, S. G.; Serebryanaya, N. R.; Dubitsky, G. A.; Sulyanov, S. N.; Popov, M. Yu.; Denisov, V. N.; Ivlev, A. N.; Mavrin, B. N. Phase transformations in solid C60 at high-pressure-high-temperature treatment and the structure of 3D polymerized fullerites. Physics Letters A. 1996-09-02, 220 (1) [2022-10-31]. Bibcode:1995PhLA..205..208B. ISSN 0375-9601. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(96)00483-5. (原始内容存档于2013-04-19) (英语). 

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