菜粉蝶

昆虫的一种

菜粉蝶(学名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:Small White, Small Cabbage White,别名:纹白蝶、日本纹白蝶、白纹蝶、菜白蝶,俗称菜虫)在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶,是属于粉蝶科的一种蝴蝶,是粉蝶属的一种。广泛分布于欧亚大陆大部分地区,并已入侵并立足于北美北非澳洲新西兰等地低至高海拔地区[3][4]。模式产地为瑞典[5]

菜粉蝶
合翅形态
展翅形态
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
目: 鳞翅目 Lepidoptera
总科: 凤蝶总科 Papilionoidea
科: 粉蝶科 Pieridae
属: 粉蝶属 Pieris
种:
菜粉蝶 P. rapae
二名法
Pieris rapae
(林奈, 1758)
亚种

共有17个亚种,详阅正文。

全球性分布及入侵时期
异名
异名列表
  • Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758
  • Pieris rapae var. aurea Rolfe, 1876
  • Pieris rapae var. similis Krulikovsky, 1890
  • Pieris rapae ab. praeteria Krulikowsky, 1908
  • Pieris rapae ab. immaculata Gauckler, 1899
  • Pieris rapae ab. nigropunctata Lambillion, 1906
  • Pieris rapae f. dubiosa Röber, 1907
  • Pieris rapae f. flavescenz Röber, 1907
  • Pieris rapae f. canadiaeformis Drenowsky, 1910
  • Pieris rapae f. subpunctata Kuhlman, 1916
  • Pieris rapae f. triangulata Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae f. tertia Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae f. secunda Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae ♂ f. bimaculata Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae f. zelleri Stauder, 1921
  • Pieris rapae f. rossioides Stauder, 1921
  • Pieris rapae f. phaiosoma Verity, 1926
  • Pieris napi ab. divisa Lempke, 1936
  • Pieris rapae f. pseudaestiva Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. lacticolor Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. fuscosignata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. cordata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. longomaculata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. magnomaculata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. obsoleta Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. disconulla Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. nigrans Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. infrapallida Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. flavopicta Lempke, 1953
  • Artogeia rapae Hodges, 1983
  • Pontia rapae Grum-Grshimailo, 1890

一年多代。成蝶飞行缓慢,好访花。冬季温度低的地区以蛹态过冬。幼虫寄主主要为十字花科植物,大多都是农作产物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的农业害虫。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上,因此饭盒里常能找到煮熟的幼虫,为了避免各类昆虫啃食,农夫大多会施以农药防治以达立竿见影之效。[6]

语源

拉丁学名的种名rapae”源自古希腊语“ραπάνι”(rapáni),指萝卜(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼虫的一种常用寄主植物。[7]

在台湾以外汉语使用地区,中文种名“”源于此种的幼虫常以十字花科的蔬菜为食。在台湾使用的中文名字直接以属名“白粉蝶”命名,皆因此种的族群数量多,分布广,足以作为本属代表。而别名“纹白蝶”乃源自日文名称“モン(纹)シロチョウ(白蝶)”。[6]

形态

卵型稍胖,刚产的卵颜色较淡,开始发育后颜色转深。小幼虫的背中线呈淡黄色,且模糊。终龄幼虫体侧黄色虚线细,体表的蓝黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低,腹背两侧突起短而不明显。[6]

成虫躯体背面黑褐色,腹面白色。翅背面底色白色,前翅翅顶及翅基有黑褐色纹;M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑点排成纵列。后翅翅基亦有黑褐色纹,前缘中央有一黑褐色斑点。翅腹面为带黄色的白色,前翅亦有两枚黑褐色斑点。低温期个体体型较小,黑褐色纹色泽较浅。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色纹较雄蝶明显,由灰色鳞粉形成。[3][4][6][8][9]

形态近似的物种有:

习性

幼虫爬出卵壳后,会回头喷食卵壳,作为孵化后的第一餐。幼虫会取食寄主植物的叶片、花序和果实。幼虫化蛹前通常会爬离寄主,在其他植物或附近杂物上化蛹。[6]寄主植物包括:[4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

十字花目
十字花科 Brassicaceae
醉蝶花科 Cleomaceae
木犀草科 Resedaceae
  • 川犀草属 Oligomeris
  • 木犀草属 Reseda
旱金莲科 Tropaeolaceae
白花菜科 Capparaceae
茄目
茄科 Solanaceae

成虫一年多代。全年四季可见,冬季温度低的地区或以蛹态过冬。出没于海拔0-2500米地区的常绿阔叶林农田、乡村及都市荒地、热带季风林、热带雨林、海岸林、常绿落叶阔叶混生林、常绿硬叶林。主要出没于平原丘陵农田和周围的荒地。它喜欢阳性环境,在菜田等农田周围飞行,又爱在菊科等各种花卉间飞舞。开阔的农耕地正为其所好,因此成为十字花科蔬菜的主要虫害。冬季稻作休耕时,农民习惯种植油菜作为绿肥,正好提供本种幼虫大量的食物,每当油菜田里黄花盛开,总是有成群的白色蝴蝶于田间飞舞。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上。[3][8]

亚种

  • P. r. rapae
- 指名亚种[15]
  • P. r. deleta Strand, 1901[16]
  • P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- 分布于北非[17]
  • P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- 分布于高加索亚美尼亚高原[18]
  • P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- 分布于塔雷什山脉克佩特山脉[19]
  • P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
- 分布于俄罗斯阿尔泰萨彦岭外贝加尔山脉远东堪察加半岛[20]
  • P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- 分布于俄罗斯阿穆尔乌苏里湾库页岛[21]
  • P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- 新疆亚种,分布于中亚图兰低地天山山脉吉萨尔山脉达尔瓦兹阿赖山脉帕米尔高原[4][22]
  • P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- 分布于叙利亚巴勒斯坦地区约旦[23]
  • P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分布于达尔马提亚[24]
  • P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分布于日本九州[25]
  • P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分布于日本[25]
  • P. r. tochica Peile, 1937[26]
  • P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- 东方亚种,分布于中国浙江等地[4][27]
  • P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- 台湾亚种,分布于香港台湾及俄罗斯千岛群岛[4][28][29]
  • P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
- 云南亚种,分布于华南云南[4][30]
  • P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945[31]

流行文化

任天堂于2020年发行的《集合啦!动物森友会》中也有出现菜粉蝶。会于上午4时至下午7时在空中飞行。北半球于9至6月出现,而南半球于3-12月出现。[32]

参考

  1. ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174353A53720063.
  2. ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174353A7056010.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 徐堉峰. 臺灣蝴蝶圖鑑.上【弄蝶、鳳蝶、粉蝶】. 台湾: 晨星出版有限公司. 2013年2月10日: 303-304. ISBN 9789861776705 (中文(繁体)). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Chou, 1994. Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1: 257 (简体中文)
  5. ^ Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 468
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 吕至坚、陈建仁. 蝴蝶生活史圖鑑. 台湾: 晨星出版有限公司. 2014年3月23日: 160, 194-195. ISBN 9789861777849 (中文(繁体)). 
  7. ^ ραπάνι页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (2017, October 26). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 日本チョウ类保全协会 [日本蝴蝶保护协会] (2012). フィールドガイド 日本のチョウ 日本产全种がフィールド写真で検索可能 [野外指南 日本蝴蝶 所有来自日本的物种都可以使用现场照片进行搜索]. 东京: 诚文堂新光社. p92. (日语)
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Braby, Michael F. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 2004: 154-155. ISBN 0643090274. 
  10. ^ Seppänen, 1970. Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit Animalia Fennica 14 (芬兰文)
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  12. ^ Tennent, 1996. The Butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia : 1-217
  13. ^ Braby, Michael F. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 2004: 154-155. ISBN 0643090274. 
  14. ^ D'Abrera, 1977 Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
  15. ^ Stephens, 1827; Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable Ill. Br. Ent. (Haustellata) 1 (1): 19
  16. ^ Strand, 1901; Beitrag zur Schmetterlingsfauna Norwegens Nyt Mag. Naturv. 39 (1): 44
  17. ^ Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica (13-14): 155, (17-20) pl. 33, f. 43-44
  18. ^ (Stauder, 1925); Pieridologisches aus Transkaukasien Ent. Anz. 5页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): 4
  19. ^ Hemming, 1934; Some notes in the nomenclature of Palaearctic and African Rhopalocera Stylops 3 (5): 98
  20. ^ (Rühl, [1893]); in Heyne, Palaearkt. Grossschmett. 1 : 125
  21. ^ Boisduval, 1836; Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptéres. Tome Premier Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 521
  22. ^ Alphéraky, 1889; Lépidoptères rapportés du Thibet par le Général N. M. Przewalsky de son voyage de 1884-1885 in Romanoff, Mém. lép. 5: 70
  23. ^ Schawerda, 1905; [Bericht der Sektion für Lepidopterologie] Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 55: 516
  24. ^ Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neues über Pieris manni [sic] Ent. Zs. 23 (8): 42
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neue palaearktische Pieriden Int. ent. Zs. 3 (16): 88
  26. ^ Peile, 1937; Guide to coll. butts. India: 47
  27. ^ Bryk, 1940; Die von Prof. Dr. Lundblad gesammelten Gross-Schmetterlinge der Iberischen Halbinseln Arkiv Zool. 32A (22): 4
  28. ^ 菜粉蝶页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - 香港生物多样性数据库 - 渔农自然护理署 (繁体中文)
  29. ^ Bryk, 1942; Zur Kenntnis der Großschmetterlinge der Kurilen Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 56: 11
  30. ^ (Mell, 1943); Zool. Stuttgart 36 (100): 104
  31. ^ Le Moult, 1945; Misc. Ent. 41: 52
  32. ^ 赖浩然, 2020-03-30.【动物之森/动物森友会】攻略 3月昆虫图鉴 特殊出现及捕捉方法页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 香港01. (繁体中文)

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