超剂量维他命疗法
此条目需要精通或熟悉医学的编者参与及协助编辑。 (2023年3月24日) |
超剂量维他命疗法是一种透过摄取超过每日建议摄取量的维他命来预防或治疗疾病的方式。
主张 | 高剂量维生素对健康的助益. |
---|---|
相关学科 | 维生素、营养补充品 |
起源时间 | 1930年代 |
著名支持者 | Frederick Klenner, 莱纳斯·鲍林 |
伪科学概念 |
超剂量维他命疗法在替代医学当中相当普遍,也被称为正分子疗法[1]。而大众对于正分子疗法看法不一,有部分评论认为正分子疗法只是食物盲从行为(Food faddism)和医疗噱头。
适量的维他命能够有效预防或治疗维他命缺乏所造成的疾病,但超剂量维他命疗法是否能够治疗疾病仍然众说纷纭[2][3],目前部分医学证据只能证明在正常范围中,增加摄取量对身体有益,若是摄取过量,可能会产生毒性(例如维生素A和维生素D),也有可能直接被身体代谢,是否有特别的治疗效果则有待商榷[4][5]。目前研究显示在风湿性疾病[6]、青光眼[7]及思觉失调症[8]等都没有显著的效果,同时,部分研究认为有些维生素的膳食补充品可能是有益的,但也有些可能是有害的[9][10]。而有相关案例则指出,超剂量维他命疗法可能会影响病患的血糖测定,进而干扰治疗的进行[11]。
用途
维生素C
台湾对于成年男性及女性的维生素C推荐膳食摄取量为为100毫克/天[12]。而根据北美参考膳食摄入量,成年男性维生素C的推荐膳食摄取量(RDA)为每天90毫克,成年女性为每天75毫克,但不要超过每日2,000毫克[13]。目前,对于超剂量的维生素C是否能有效治疗或预防各类疾病,仍存有诸多讨论。
癌症
莱纳斯·鲍林(Linus Pauling)发表之研究称静脉注射维生素 C 可显著延长晚期癌症患者的寿命[14],这种观点与某些研究的结果并不一致。根据一篇系统回顾文献,未有高品质的证据证实口服或静脉注射维生素C能在癌症患者身上起到抗癌作用,仅有微弱证据说明静脉注射维生素C能提高癌症患者生活质量,且静脉注射维生素C具有潜在毒性。维生素C对于癌症患者的治疗效果并未得到充分支持[15]
另外,妙佑医疗国际(Mayo Clinic)对于癌症患者进行了三项双盲安慰剂对照随机试验,得到维生素C对于癌症患者并无治疗效果的结论。该文献称经过了33年、且参与的患者达1591人的研究,仍未确定维生素C对于癌症的疗效有任何显著具有临床意义的抗癌活性。[16]
普通感冒
根据一篇关于不同剂量的维生素C与感冒治疗的临床试验回顾,每天200毫克服用维生素C,并不能降低一般人群的普通感冒发生率,但在儿童中,每日1至2克的维生素 C 可使感冒持续时间缩短 18%,在成人中,每日1至4克的维生素 C 可使感冒持续时间缩短 8%[17]。成年人试验的分组报告指出,维生素C补充品能够减少于亚北极地区的马拉松运动员、滑雪者或士兵中半数感冒的发生[18]。有一篇文献也提到维生素 C 可以缩短并缓解普通感冒,并可在特定条件下和特定人群中预防感冒[19]。另一篇综合分析则发现维生素C于预防及减少儿童的上呼吸道感染的持续时间方面具有统计学意义[20]
痛风
一篇统合分析文章指出额外的维生素C补充能够显著降低血中尿酸浓度,这是一种痛风的危险因子[21];另一篇前瞻性研究则指出了中维生素C的摄取量与罹患痛风的风险呈现负相关,补充维生素C可能有助于预防痛风。[22]
维生素E
台湾对于成年男性及女性的维生素E推荐膳食摄取量为12毫克/天(美国为15毫克/天)。[12]美国食品与营养委员会另根据动物实验模型显示高剂量维生素E导致出血,制定可耐受最高摄取量为1000毫克(1500国际单位)/天。[23]在美国,随着研究显示服用维生素E补充剂并无明显好处,甚至有负面效果,维生素E使用量近年有降低趋势。[24]一统合分析显示维生素E补充剂与心血管疾病(非致命性中风及心肌梗塞)及其死亡率无相关性。[25]另一综合分析则显示高剂量维生素E会提高全因死亡率。[26]
烟碱素
台湾及美国对于成年男性的烟碱素推荐膳食摄取量为16毫克/天,女性为14毫克/天。烟碱素在美国可作为处方药,分为速放剂型(500毫克胶囊,一日最多3000毫克)及延长释放剂型(500或1000毫克胶囊,一日最多2000毫克);亦可作为营养补充品使用(500-1000毫克胶囊)。烟碱素有时会与其他种类降血脂药合并使用。[27]系统性文献回顾显示烟碱素对心血管疾病及其死亡率无明显效果,即使烟碱素可以提高高密度脂蛋白浓度。副作用包括提升糖尿病风险等。[28][29][30]
相关条目
相关主题
维生素相关主题
参考资料
- ^ Zell, Mark; Grundmann, Oliver. An orthomolecular approach to the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine. 2012, 26 (2) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 1532-1843. PMID 23341413. (原始内容存档于2023-03-25).
- ^ Aaronson S, et al. Cancer medicine. Cancer medicine 6 (Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W.; Holland, James F., eds). Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker. 2003: 76. ISBN 978-1-55009-213-4.
- ^ Nutrition Committee; Canadian Paediatric Society. Megavitamin and megamineral therapy in childhood. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. CMAJ. 1990, 143 (10): 1009–1013. PMC 1452516 . PMID 1699646.
- ^ What Does Your Body do to Excess Vitamin B or C That You Might Consume?. [2023-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-25).
- ^ Novella, S: Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths: What We Think We Know May Be Hurting Us, The Great Course
- ^ Jie Kie Phang, Yu Heng Kwan, Hendra Goh, Victoria Ie Ching Tan, Julian Thumboo, Truls Østbye, Warren Fong. Complementary and alternative medicine for rheumatic diseases: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2018, (37): 143–157. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.003.
- ^ Shibal Bhartiya, Parul Ichhpujani. Complementary and Alternate Management of Glaucoma: The Verdict so Far. Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice. 2014-06-12, (8(2)): 54–57. PMID 26997809. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1161.
- ^ Geir Smedslund, Rigmor C. Berg. Effects of Vitamins, Fatty Acids, Minerals, and Other Dietary Supplements on Schizophrenic Symptoms in People with Schizophrenia. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services (NOKC). November 2011 [2023-03-28]. ISBN 978-82-8121-431-6. PMID 28510394. (原始内容存档于2021-05-17).
- ^ Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S, et al. The efficacy and safety of multivitamin and mineral supplement use to prevent cancer and chronic disease in adults: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 145 (5): 372–385 [2023-03-25]. PMID 16880453. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.2.372. (原始内容存档于2012-09-06).
- ^ Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 2012 (3): CD007176. PMC 8407395 . PMID 22419320. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2. hdl:10138/136201 .
- ^ Rebekah L. Bahr, Don C. Wilson. The Impact of High-Dose Vitamin C on Blood Glucose Testing in 18F-FDG PET Imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. March 2015, 43 (1): 70–71. doi:10.2967/jnmt.114.140335.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 「國人膳食營養素參考攝取量」第八版. 卫生福利部国民健康署. 2022-10-20 [2023-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-04).
- ^ US Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (PDF). 2007-02-19 [2023-03-27]. 原始内容存档于2008-05-29.
- ^ Cameron, E; Pauling, L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1976-10, 73 (10). ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 431183 . PMID 1068480. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.10.3685 (英语).
- ^ Jacobs, Carmel; Hutton, Brian; Ng, Terry; Shorr, Risa; Clemons, Mark. Is There a Role for Oral or Intravenous Ascorbate (Vitamin C) in Treating Patients With Cancer? A Systematic Review. The Oncologist. 2015-02-01, 20 (2) [2023-03-29]. ISSN 1083-7159. PMC 4319640 . PMID 25601965. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0381. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30) (英语).
- ^ Cabanillas, Fernando. Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude--1,609 patients and 33 years later?. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal. 2010-09, 29 (3) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 0738-0658. PMID 20799507. (原始内容存档于2023-03-25).
- ^ Douglas, Robert M.; Hemilä, Harri. Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold. PLOS Medicine. 2005-06-28, 2 (6) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 1160577 . PMID 15971944. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020168. (原始内容存档于2023-06-07) (英语).
- ^ Douglas, Robert M; Hemilä, Harri. Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold. PLoS Medicine. 2005-06-28, 2 (6). ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 1160577 . PMID 15971944. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020168 (英语).
- ^ Hemilä, Harri. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients. 2017-03-29, 9 (4) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 5409678 . PMID 28353648. doi:10.3390/nu9040339. (原始内容存档于2023-09-18) (英语).
- ^ Vorilhon, Philippe; Arpajou, Bastien; Vaillant Roussel, Hélène; Merlin, Étienne; Pereira, Bruno; Cabaillot, Aurélie. Efficacy of vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. A meta-analysis in children. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2019-03-06, 75 (3). ISSN 0031-6970. doi:10.1007/s00228-018-2601-7 (英语).
- ^ Juraschek, Stephen P.; Miller, Edgar R.; Gelber, Allan C. Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Care & Research. 2011-09, 63 (9) [2023-03-25]. PMC 3169708 . PMID 21671418. doi:10.1002/acr.20519. (原始内容存档于2023-03-25) (英语).
- ^ Choi, Hyon K.; Gao, Xiang; Curhan, Gary. Vitamin C Intake and the Risk of Gout in Men: A Prospective Study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009-03-09, 169 (5). ISSN 0003-9926. PMC 2767211 . PMID 19273781. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606 (英语).
- ^ Read "Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids" at NAP.edu. https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/8. [2023-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-26) (英语). 缺少或
|title=
为空 (帮助) - ^ Kim, Hyun Ja; Giovannucci, Edward; Rosner, Bernard; Willett, Walter C.; Cho, Eunyoung. Longitudinal and Secular Trends in Dietary Supplement Use: Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, 1986-2006. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2014-03-01, 114 (3) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 2212-2672. PMC 3944223 . PMID 24119503. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.039. (原始内容存档于2023-03-25) (英语).
- ^ Eidelman, Rachel S.; Hollar, Danielle; Hebert, Patricia R.; Lamas, Gervasio A.; Hennekens, Charles H. Randomized Trials of Vitamin E in the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004-07-26, 164 (14). ISSN 0003-9926. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.14.1552.
- ^ Miller, Edgar R.; Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto; Dalal, Darshan; Riemersma, Rudolph A.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Guallar, Eliseo. Meta-Analysis: High-Dosage Vitamin E Supplementation May Increase All-Cause Mortality. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005-01-04, 142 (1). ISSN 0003-4819. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110 (英语).
- ^ NIACOR® (Niacin Tablets, USP)500 mg. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. [2023-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-09).
- ^ Keene, Daniel; Price, Clare; Shun-Shin, Matthew J.; Francis, Darrel P. Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117 411 patients. BMJ. 2014-07-18, 349 [2023-03-25]. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4103514 . PMID 25038074. doi:10.1136/bmj.g4379. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30) (英语).
- ^ Schandelmaier, Stefan; Briel, Matthias; Saccilotto, Ramon; Olu, Kelechi K; Arpagaus, Armon; Hemkens, Lars G; Nordmann, Alain J. Cochrane Heart Group , 编. Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017-06-14, 2017 (6). PMC 6481694 . PMID 28616955. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009744.pub2 (英语).
- ^ Garg, Aakash; Sharma, Abhishek; Krishnamoorthy, Parasuram; Garg, Jalaj; Virmani, Deepti; Sharma, Toishi; Stefanini, Giulio; Kostis, John B.; Mukherjee, Debabrata; Sikorskaya, Ekaterina. Role of Niacin in Current Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Medicine. 2017-02-01, 130 (2) [2023-03-25]. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 27793642. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.038. (原始内容存档于2023-03-25) (英语).
这是一篇与医学相关的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 |