雨季
雨季,指在降水量有显著季节差异的地区,年降水量主要发生的月份,通常持续一个或多个月[1] 。拥有雨季的地区分布在热带和亚热带[2]。
根据柯本气候分类法,对于热带气候,雨季定义为平均降水量60毫米以上的月份[3]。不同的气候类型,雨季也不尽相同。以北半球为例:东亚季风区的雨季主要为夏季;南亚季风区的雨季大约在6月~11月;热带莽原气候的雨季为夏季;地中海型气候的雨季为冬季。拥有旱季和雨季也是季风雨林的特色,热带雨林的降雨量则是在全年平均分布[4]。一些有显著雨季的地区,当热带辐合带或季风槽移动到较高纬度时,雨季的降雨会中断[5]。
若雨季在夏季发生,降水主要在下午和傍晚。雨季时,空气污染改善,淡水水质提高,植被大幅度增长。但同时也会使土壤养分减少,侵蚀增加。特别在热带地区,夏季的雨季会使疟疾发病率增加[6] 。一些动物在雨季会有适应和生存策略。 另外,前一个旱季也通常导致雨季的粮食短缺,因为作物尚未成熟。
受影响的地区
撒哈拉以南非洲的热带莽原气候区,包括加纳、布基纳法索[7][8] 、南苏丹[9]、厄立特里亚[10]、埃塞俄比亚[11]和博茨瓦纳都有一个明显的雨季[12] 。佛罗里达州和德克萨斯州南部的热带莽原气候区也有一个雨季[13]。季风气候区包括印度次大陆、东南亚(包括印度尼西亚和菲律宾)[14]、澳大利亚北部[15]、波利尼西亚[16]、中美洲[17]、墨西哥西部和南部[18]、美国西南部的沙漠[19]、圭亚那南部[20]和巴西东北部[21]等等。
圭亚那北部有两个雨季:一个在早春,另一个在初冬[20]。 在西非,南部有两个雨季,但北部只有一个[22]。 在地中海气候区,包括美国西海岸,意大利、希腊的地中海海岸线[23]和土耳其的雨季都是在冬季[24]。同样,以色列内盖夫沙漠的雨季是从十月延续至五月[25] 。 在地中海气候区和季风气候区之间的边界,索诺兰沙漠共同拥有这两个气候类型的两个雨季[26]。
参见
参考资料
- ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2013). Rainy season. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-02-15. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
- ^ Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
- ^ Updated world Köppen-Geiger climate classification map (PDF). [2017-07-24]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-03).
- ^ Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde (2003). World Climates. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
- ^ J. S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0. Akintola (1983). Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-02-05. IAHS Publication Number 140. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
- ^ Malaria Fact Sheet. The World Health Organization. April 2016 [2016-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-03).
- ^ Patrick Laux et al. (2008): Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 28 (3), 329–342.
- ^ Patrick Laux et al. (2009): Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 29 (7), 937–954.,
- ^ David Vandervort (2009). Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu, M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
- ^ Alex Wynter (2009). Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ The Voice (2009). Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) allAfrica.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Randy Lascody (2008). The Florida Rain Machine. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ OCHA Partnership for Humanity (2008). OCHA Field Situation Report: Indonesia – Rainy Season 1 December 2008. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期18 February 2009[日期不符]. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Burarra Gathering (2006). Burarra Gathering. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Burarra Gathering. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Tahiti Sun Travel Network (2007). About Bora Bora Island. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). 2.4 Analysis & Forecasting "Thumb Rules" for the Rainy Season. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) United States Navy. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures (2002). Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-02-19. Arizona Remote Sensing Center. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ J. Horel (2006). Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2006-11-13. University of Utah. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Horace Burton (2006). The climate of Guyana. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-01-24. Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology. The Outfield, August 2006, pp. 3. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
- ^ James Brian Elsner (1988). Analysis of Wet Season Rainfall Over the Nordeste of Brazil, South America. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) University Of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ C. H. Mari, G. Cailley, L. Corre, M. Saunois, J. L. Attie, V. Thouret, and A. Stohl (2007). Biomass burning plumes during the AMMA wet season experiment. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, pp. 17342. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Greek Embassy London (2008). Welcome to Greece. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Government of Greece. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ D. Bozkurt, O.L. Sen and M. Karaca (2008). Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) EGU General Assembly. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
- ^ Ron Kahana; Baruch Ziv; Yehouda Enzel & Uri Dayan. Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 2002, 22: 869. Bibcode:2002IJCli..22..867K. doi:10.1002/joc.766. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-19).
- ^ Michael J. Plagens (2009). What and Where is the Sonoran Desert? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Arizonensis. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.