麦角钙化醇
麦角钙化醇(英语:Ergocalciferol)是维生素D2的化学名,为麦角固醇在紫外线作用下产生的开环甾体。早期制备的麦角钙化醇商品名为Viosterol[1],由麦角固醇在紫外线光照下制成,含光固醇杂质。麦角钙化醇是一种维生素D膳食补剂,[2]可以治疗吸收不良、肝病[3]造成的维生素D缺乏症。[4]此药还可用于甲状腺功能减退造成的低血钙症。[3]麦角钙化醇可口服、肌注,在一些蘑菇中天然产生。[5]
临床资料 | |
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商品名 | Drisdol、Calcidol… |
其他名称 | viosterol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 |
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识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 50-14-6( ) |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.014 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C28H44O |
摩尔质量 | 396.65 g/mol |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
熔点 | 114至118 °C(237至244 °F) |
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过量使用麦角钙化醇可造成多尿、高血压、肾结石、肾衰竭、乏力、便秘。[6]长期高剂量使用可造成组织钙化,[3]因此建议此类人群监测血钙含量。[4]孕妇可以安全使用正常剂量。[7]麦角钙化醇增加肠道、肾脏吸收的钙质。[6]
麦角钙化醇最早于1936年发现描述。[8]此物名列世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单,为健保系统所需的有效、安全药物之一。[9]麦角钙化醇为非处方药,且有通用名药物版本。[6]在英国,此药对国民保健署的一般开支不足每处方每月10英镑。[4]有些国家会在早餐麦片和麦淇淋等食物中加入麦角钙化醇。[10][11]
用途
和晒太阳产生的胆钙化醇(维生素D3)一样,维生素D2可以用于补充维生素D。[12]
之前一般认为两种维生素D效果类似,因其在改善佝偻病、[13]降低年长患者跌倒的概率上效果相似[14]。现在对于维生素D2和D3在体内行为是否相似,和生成骨化三醇这种激素的效率,有相互矛盾的一些研究。一些初期研究表明维生素维生素D3效率更高,[15][16]而其它的研究则表明两者效率类似。[12][17][18]维生素D2和D3的新陈代谢路径稍有不同;有研究指出维生素D结合蛋白对维生素D3所形成的骨化三醇有更大亲和力[15]。有汇总分析指出,D3更适合提高血浆25-(OH)D浓度[19],但也有研究说明两者在维持浓度方面效果相当。[20][21]
有研究发现奥兹海默症患者体内的麦角钙化醇含量较低,但这项研究并未提及这一结果和食品中麦角钙化醇缺乏是否有关。[22]
机理
麦角钙化醇和胆钙化醇(D3)的作用机理大致相类。麦角钙化醇本身不具活性,需经过两次羟化才可具有活性:第一步羟化在肝内经过CYP2R1生成25-羟基麦角钙化醇(麦角骨化二醇,25-OH D2[23]),第二部在肾内经CYP27B1转化为1,25-二羟基麦角钙化醇(麦角骨化三醇,1,25-(OH)2D2)。[24]与胆钙化醇不同,麦角钙化醇不由CYP27A1羟化。[25]
与D3的对应物比较,麦角钙化醇和各种代谢产物对维生素D结合蛋白的亲和力较低。麦角骨化三醇对骨化三醇受体的亲和力与骨化三醇相类。[25]麦角钙化醇及其产物可经24-羟化失效。[26]
来源
麦角钙化醇最早从麦角中提取,故而得名。现在使用苔藓[27]、真菌[28]和苜蓿[29]进行中波紫外线照射就可以提取麦角钙化醇。以下列出一些食品内的含量:
在真菌中,麦角钙化醇由麦角固醇受紫外光照射产生。[31]人类可以吸收利用高D2酵母制成的面包中的维生素D。[32]食用紫外光(UV-B)照过的双孢蘑菇可以改善维生素D缺乏,其作用与维生素D2补充剂效果相类。[33]此类光照处理不会将蘑菇漂白。[34]西方记者发新闻称,一份普通食量(6 g 干重,约合 60 g)[34]的双胞蘑菇经过短波紫外光照射5分钟后可以提供3,500 IU的维生素D,引来多方关注。[35]
参考文献
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[Vitamin D3] is produced commercially by extracting 7-dehydrocholesterol from wool fat, followed by UVB irradiation and purification [...] [Vitamin D2] is commercially made by irradiating and then purifying the ergosterol extracted from yeast