羞辱

羞辱指贬抑一个人的自尊、傲气，以使对方感到羞愧、导致自卑（英语：Humility）的心态、地位降低或变得顺从（英语：Deference）。它可以通过恐吓、身体或精神虐待或欺诈施予他人，亦可以是有人被发现犯下社会或法律上不被接受的行为而产生的尴尬。比较起来，谦逊（英语：Humility）是自愿地降低自己的自尊，而羞辱则是对他者所作的行为，且对方通常非自愿。

特定形式

惩处和审讯策略

非三一派卡特里信徒在“信仰审判”中在火刑柱上被烧死（约1495年，含绞刑具（英语：garrote）和菲勒斯），由圣道明主持，佩德罗·贝鲁格特绘画的油彩板画

1944年巴黎：两名被控与纳粹合作的女子赤脚、被剃光头、脸上被恪上纳粹标志游街示众

侮辱另一个人，通常是一个人彰显权力的一种方式，尤其在警队、军队或监狱等环境下，是一种被用作合法审问或非法拷问的手段，亦是一种常见的压迫、滥权或至虐待的形式。很多现已废弃的公开处罚方式固意设计成含羞辱成分，例如在违法分子身上涂柏油和粘羽毛、颈手枷（英语：pillory）、羞耻徽章（社会耻辱（英语：social stigma））以作“杀一儆百”之用。其中一些手法，如涂柏油和粘羽毛成为私刑的常用手段。在一些民间习俗，如英式示众游行Skimmington（英语：Skimmington）及Rough music（英语：Rough music），以及法式相等的瞎闹音乐Charivari（英语：Charivari），古意夸张地当众表示道德上不赞同有违者以作羞辱之效，从而把他们赶出社区。^[1]

像例如在中国历史上，南朝宋的宋明帝刘彧在登基为皇帝前，曾因体型肥胖之故而被前废帝刘子业给冠上“猪王”的称号，并曾被刘子业当成猪一般地羞辱。刘子业还曾一度因为刘彧惹火自己，而命人将裸体的刘彧用竹杖绑住四肢抬付太官^[2]，说：“即日屠猪。”打算以杀猪为借口将刘彧给除掉；但这时刘休仁在旁笑说：“猪今日未应死。”刘子业问何故，刘休仁答说：“待皇太子生，杀猪取其肝肺。”刘子业听后怒火渐息，于是命人将刘彧交付廷尉，因此刘彧逃过死劫。^[3]

美国部分州份曾尝试透过公布不法分子的名子和罪状（如娼妓或酒后驾车）来侮辱或者羞辱他们。在2010年的广东东莞，中国警方逮捕了一些妓女并为羞辱她们而游街示众，舆论哗然。国家公安部谴责当地警察并表明这样的惩罚是不允许的。^[4]

人我关系

“瓦勒良皇被波斯国王沙普尔的羞辱”（The Humiliation of Emperor Valerian by Shapur, King of Persia），小汉斯·霍尔拜因绘画

唐纳德·克莱因（Donald Klein）形容羞辱为“一种强大的人事要素，但在各种因素下，常被‘个人和集体行为’的学生们忽视。它是在个人、群体及国家行为表态之间，一股具渗透性且极具破坏性的影响力。”^[5]

虽然是一种主观情感，但人类普遍都会感到屈辱：“这是一股被贬低、失去自我的感觉。” ^[6]

心理影响

被羞辱，尤其是被公开地羞辱，后果可能极其严重。一个被严重地侮辱的人可能会患上严重抑郁、自杀倾向、严重焦虑症状如创伤后压力症候群。失去一定社会地位，例如失业或被（正确或错误地）当作罪犯，可能使人无法再于自己的社群当中正常生活。受辱的人可能会被激怒而渴望报复，一些人会感到生命无意义、无望且无助，甚至产生幻觉或轻生。^[7]

屈辱的情感可能使人出现“羞辱愤怒”（humiliated fury）^[8]，向内蔓延可能导致冷漠和抑郁，而向外扩展则可能使人变得偏执、残暴和产生复仇的幻想。克莱因解释：“当它向外发泄，羞辱愤怒会不幸地创造更多的受害者，通常包括无辜的旁观者……当向内渲发，所产生的自我憎恨会使受害者不能满足自己的需要，更不用说拥有爱和关心他人的能力。”他续道：“无论在哪一情况下，那些被羞辱愤怒情神耗尽的人会全神贯注于这愤怒或其因由上，被受伤的自尊心所包围……”^[5]

误会

不是一切羞辱的行为都是故意的。有时，屈辱的情绪可能只是因为误解。

参见

参考

^ Thompson, E. P. Rough Music Reconsidered (PDF). Folklore. 1992, 103: 3–26 [14 July 2012]. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1992.9715826. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-13）.
^ 太官是古代中国掌管皇帝膳食的官员
^ 《宋书·卷七十二·文九王传》：“时废帝狂悖无道，诛害群公，忌惮诸父，并囚之殿内，殴捶凌曳，无复人理。休仁及太宗、山阳王休祐，形体并肥壮，帝乃以竹笼盛而称之，以太宗尤肥，号为‘猪王’，号休仁为‘杀王’，休祐为‘贼王’。……尝以木槽盛饭，内诸杂食，搅令和合，掘地为坑阱，实之以泥水，裸太宗内坑中，和槽食置前，令太宗以口就槽中食，用之为欢笑。欲害太宗及休仁、休祐前后以十数，休仁多计数，每以笑调佞谀悦之，故得推迁。……太宗尝忤旨，帝怒，乃裸之，缚其手脚，以杖贯手脚内，使人担付太官，曰：‘即日屠猪。’休仁笑谓帝曰：‘猪今日未应死。’帝问其故，休仁曰：‘待皇太子生，杀猪取其肝肺。’帝意乃解，曰：‘且付廷尉。’一宿出之。”
^ Zhang, Ning. Prostitute humiliation dents police image. China Network Television. 2010-07-27 [2012-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-24）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Klein, Donald C. (Ed.), The Humiliation Dynamic: Viewing the Task of Prevention From a New Perspective, Special Issue, Journal of Primary Prevention, Part I, 12, No. 2, 1991. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. 原文：“[Humiliation is] a powerful factor in human affairs that has, for a variety of reasons, been overlooked by students of individual and collective behavior. It is a pervasive and all too destructive influence in the behavior of individuals, groups, organizations, and nations.”“When it is outwardly directed, humiliated fury unfortunately creates additional victims, often including innocent bystanders ... . When it is inwardly directed, the resulting self-hate renders victims incapable of meeting their own needs, let alone having energy available to love and care for others.”“In either case, those who are consumed by humiliated fury are absorbed in themselves or their cause, wrapped in wounded pride...”
^ Lindner, Evelin, Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict. London, England: Praeger Security International, 2006. 原文：“it is the feeling of being put down, made to feel less than one feels oneself to be.”
^ Torres, Walter J.; Bergner, Raymond M. Humiliation: Its Nature and Consequences（羞辱：本質與後果）. 美国精神病学及法律学会期刊（英语：Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law） (AAPL（英语：American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law）). 2010-06, 38 [2016-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）.
^ Lewis, Helen B. 1971, Shame and Grief in Neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.

Moïsi, Dominique. "The Culture of Hope." The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation, and Hope Are Reshaping the World. New York: Doubleday, 2009. 56-89. Print.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.

延伸阅读

Lindner, Evelin, Gender, Humiliation, and Global Security: Dignifying Relationships from Love, Sex, and Parenthood to World Affairs (Contemporary Psychology). Praeger Security International, 2010. ISBN 0-313-35485-5.
Miller, William Ian (1993). Humiliation and Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

外部链接

Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Emotional Competency article on Humiliation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Silvan Tomkins Site Resources on Shame and Humiliation Studies
German football team humiliate Brazil 7-1 during World Cup （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Femenia, Nora. Healing Humiliation and the Need for Revenge （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Thompson1992-1] Thompson, E. P. Rough Music Reconsidered (PDF). Folklore. 1992, 103: 3–26 [14 July 2012]. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1992.9715826. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-13）.

[2] 太官是古代中国掌管皇帝膳食的官员

[3] 《宋书·卷七十二·文九王传》：“时废帝狂悖无道，诛害群公，忌惮诸父，并囚之殿内，殴捶凌曳，无复人理。休仁及太宗、山阳王休祐，形体并肥壮，帝乃以竹笼盛而称之，以太宗尤肥，号为‘猪王’，号休仁为‘杀王’，休祐为‘贼王’。……尝以木槽盛饭，内诸杂食，搅令和合，掘地为坑阱，实之以泥水，裸太宗内坑中，和槽食置前，令太宗以口就槽中食，用之为欢笑。欲害太宗及休仁、休祐前后以十数，休仁多计数，每以笑调佞谀悦之，故得推迁。……太宗尝忤旨，帝怒，乃裸之，缚其手脚，以杖贯手脚内，使人担付太官，曰：‘即日屠猪。’休仁笑谓帝曰：‘猪今日未应死。’帝问其故，休仁曰：‘待皇太子生，杀猪取其肝肺。’帝意乃解，曰：‘且付廷尉。’一宿出之。”

[4] Zhang, Ning. Prostitute humiliation dents police image. China Network Television. 2010-07-27 [2012-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-24）.

[Klein-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Klein, Donald C. (Ed.), The Humiliation Dynamic: Viewing the Task of Prevention From a New Perspective, Special Issue, Journal of Primary Prevention, Part I, 12, No. 2, 1991. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. 原文：“[Humiliation is] a powerful factor in human affairs that has, for a variety of reasons, been overlooked by students of individual and collective behavior. It is a pervasive and all too destructive influence in the behavior of individuals, groups, organizations, and nations.”“When it is outwardly directed, humiliated fury unfortunately creates additional victims, often including innocent bystanders ... . When it is inwardly directed, the resulting self-hate renders victims incapable of meeting their own needs, let alone having energy available to love and care for others.”“In either case, those who are consumed by humiliated fury are absorbed in themselves or their cause, wrapped in wounded pride...”

[Lindner-6] Lindner, Evelin, Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict. London, England: Praeger Security International, 2006. 原文：“it is the feeling of being put down, made to feel less than one feels oneself to be.”

[7] Torres, Walter J.; Bergner, Raymond M. Humiliation: Its Nature and Consequences（羞辱：本質與後果）. 美国精神病学及法律学会期刊（英语：Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law） (AAPL（英语：American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law）). 2010-06, 38 [2016-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）.

[8] Lewis, Helen B. 1971, Shame and Grief in Neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.

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