亲密暴力
亲密伴侣暴力(英语:Intimate partner violence ,IPV)是现任或前任配偶或伴侣针对另一位配偶或伴侣的亲密关系中的家庭暴力。[1][2]亲密暴力可以采取多种形式,包括身体、言语、精神、经济和性虐待。世界卫生组织(WHO)将亲密暴力定义为:“……亲密关系中的任何行为,包括身体攻击、性胁迫、精神虐待和控制行为,会对关系中的人造成身体、心理或性伤害。”[3]
这种暴力的最极端形式可以称为殴打、亲密恐怖主义、胁迫控制暴力或简单的胁迫控制,其中一个人是施暴者和控制者。这通常是男性对女性实施的,并且是最有可能需要医疗服务和使用女性庇护所的类型。[4][5][6]之后,抵抗亲密暴力,这是一种自卫形式,可称为抵抗暴力,通常由女性进行。[7][8]关于针对男性的家庭暴力的研究表明,男性不太可能报告其女性亲密伴侣所犯下的家庭暴力。[9][10]
最常见但伤害性较小的亲密暴力形式是伴侣情境暴力,[5][6][7]这种情境暴力几乎平等地由伴侣双方进行,并且更可能发生在年轻伴侣中,以及青少年和大学生。[7][11]最后一种形式的暴力,即关系中的两个伴侣都参与控制和暴力行为,被称为相互控制暴力。
参考文献
- ^ Connie Mitchell. Intimate Partner Violence: A Health-Based Perspective. Oxford University Press. 2009: 319–320 [September 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-0199720729.
- ^ Mandi M. Larsen. Health Inequities Related to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Role of Social Policy in the United States, Germany, and Norway. Springer. 2016: 110–111 [September 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-3319295657.
- ^ Krug, Etienne G.; Dahlberg, Linda L.; Mercy, James A.; Zwi, Anthony B.; Lozano, Rafael. World report on violence and health . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2002. ISBN 9789240681804.
- ^ Pamela Regan. Close Relationships. Routledge. 2011: 456–460 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1136851605.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Robert E. Emery. Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. 2013: 397 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1452274430.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Anglin, Dierdre; Homeier, Diana C. Intimate Partner Violence. Marx, John; Walls, Ron; Hockberger, Robert (编). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, Volume 1 8th. Elsevier Saunders. 2014: 875 [2018-08-19]. ISBN 978-1-4557-0605-1. (原始内容存档于2021-04-30).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Howe, Tasha R. Families in crisis: violence, abuse, and neglect: intimate partner violence: marital rape. Howe, Tasha R. (编). Marriages and families in the 21st century a bioecological approach. Chichester, West Sussex Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. 2012. ISBN 9781405195010. Preview. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Desmond Ellis, Noreen Stuckless, Carrie Smith. Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence. Routledge. 2015: 22 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1317522133.
- ^ Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1—The conflict of theory and data. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2005-09-01, 10 (6): 680–714. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001.
- ^ Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara. Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse (PDF). Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. 2005: 169 [June 28, 2014]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-29).
- ^ Erica Bowen, Kate Walker. The Psychology of Violence in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Springer. 2015: 107–108 [March 1, 2016]. ISBN 978-1137321404.