阿图岛战役
阿图岛战役是第二次世界大战太平洋战争中发生在阿留申群岛—阿图岛的一场战役,敌对双方是大日本帝国和美国,这也是二次大战中唯一在美国领土的陆上战斗。
战前准备
这场战斗是美军为了夺回自1942年10月被日军占领的阿图岛。
日军在岛上建设了超过美军预期的强力防御工事,而美军部队虽然人数是好几倍,但却是在加利福尼亚沙漠受训的第7步兵师,不仅两栖登陆经验不足、冬季装备不足、对岛上防御工事也未做好战前侦查,加上阿图岛的恶劣天气,造成美军不小的伤害。
战斗初期
美军原订在1943年5月7日登陆,但阿留申群岛恶劣的天气延迟了美军的进攻时间。日本守军虽然做好了全面迎战的准备,但几天后仍不见动静,放松了警惕。同时也因为当天的大雾天气,当美军于5月11日登上滩头时,没有受到任何攻击。
5月12日清晨,日军才发现美军登陆。北部登陆部队在“血腥角”地区被日军炮火袭击,美军组织突击队穿越了一片山脊,与日军展开了近接战斗才突破。而同时,美军南部登陆部队开始向位于阿图岛南海岸线20英里的“马萨克湾”进攻,他们将在那里同北部登陆部队会师。
日军于夜间穿过美军防线,回到了预先修筑好的山谷一侧的密集防御工事中,发起突然而猛烈的炮火攻击,美军士兵们慌乱的挖著躲避炮火的散兵坑,但在坑挖出来的同时,冷水立刻涌了上来,士兵们在刺骨的冷水中缩成一团。而位于河床的士兵因低温症无法动弹。就这样,被困在了马萨克山谷6天,而士兵们因冻伤和战壕足病造成的伤亡却与日俱增。
之后的北部登陆部队突破日军的阵地,向南移师。5月17日,山崎知道已经无法阻止美军会合,将部队撤到阿图岛东部,退守到克莱维斯隘口,这里是日军在奇恰戈港主基地的最后一道屏障。正是由于日军后撤,被困于马萨克山谷的部队才摆脱了困境。
战斗后期
之后在美军迅速推进下,成功控制了克莱维斯隘口,也将残余的日军压缩到了奇恰戈半岛上,而山崎知道面对绝对优势的美军必败无疑,所以他在奇恰戈港构筑了复杂的战壕体系和火力网,储备了充足的弹药供应,做好了“为天皇尽忠”的准备。1943年5月29日,美军准备在凌晨发起总攻击,虽然日军抢先美军一步下令发起自杀式反攻,但反攻失败,人数越来越少。之后在深夜组成突击队进入美军阵地攻击(即万岁冲锋),但还是被后备梯队歼灭。
剩余的日军知道反击无望,开始组织集体自杀式的肉搏战,结束了自己的生命。5月30日早上,美军看到山谷里堆满了许多头部与躯干支离破碎的日军尸体,并俘虏了幸存者。
后续影响
这场战役美方有549人阵亡,1148人受伤,2000多人因病退场。而日军也进行了太平洋战争以来第一次的玉碎战术,2300名官兵最后只剩下28名幸存者,因此美国人在了解到日军宁可自杀也绝不投降的根据,也为往后避免直接伤亡的“跳岛战术”打下了基础。
参考资料
附录
参考书
- Cloe, John Haile. The Aleutian Warriors: A History of the 11th Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co. and Anchorage Chapter – Air Force Association. 1990. ISBN 0929521358. OCLC 25370916.
- Dickrell, Jeff. Center of the Storm: The Bombing of Dutch Harbor and the Experience of Patrol Wing Four in the Aleutians, Summer 1942. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Inc. 2001. ISBN 1575100924. OCLC 50242148.
- Feinberg, Leonard. Where the Williwaw Blows: The Aleutian Islands-World War II. Pilgrims' Process. 1992. ISBN 097106098-3. OCLC 57146667.
- Garfield, Brian. The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. 1995 [1969]. ISBN 0912006838. OCLC 33358488.
- Goldstein, Donald M.; Katherine V. Dillon. The Williwaw War: The Arkansas National Guard in the Aleutians in World War. Fayettville: University of Arkansas Press. 1992. ISBN 1557282420. OCLC 24912734.
- Hays, Otis. Alaska's Hidden Wars: Secret Campaigns on the North Pacific Rim. University of Alaska Press. 2004. ISBN 188996364X.
- Lorelli, John A. The Battle of the Komandorski Islands. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. 1984. ISBN 0870210939. OCLC 10824413.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944, vol. 7 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. 2001 [1951]. ISBN 0316583057. OCLC 7288530.
- Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony. Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 2005. OCLC 60373935. ISBN 1574889230.
- Perras, Galen Roger. Stepping Stones to Nowhere, The Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and American Military Strategy, 1867 - 1945. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 2003. ISBN 1591148367. OCLC 53015264.
- Urwin, Gregory J. W. The Capture of Attu: A World War II Battle as Told by the Men Who Fought There. Bison Books. 2000. ISBN 080329557X.
- Wetterhahn, Ralph. The Last Flight of Bomber 31: Harrowing Tales of American and Japanese Pilots Who Fought World War II's Arctic Air Campaign. Da Capo Press. 2004. ISBN 0786713607.
外部链接
- Logistics Problems on Attu by Robert E. Burks.
- Aleutian Islands Chronology
- Aleutian Islands War (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Aleutian Islands The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Red White Black & Blue - feature documentary about The Battle of Attu in the Aleutians during World War II
- PBS Independent Lens presentation of Red White Black & Blue (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - The Making Of and other resources
- Soldiers of the 184th Infantry, 7th ID in the Pacific, 1943-1945
- World War II Campaign Brochure for Aleutian Islands, 美国陆军军事历史中心, [2009-08-26], (原始内容存档于2007-12-08)
- US Army Infantry Combat pamphlet- Part Two: Attu (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Cloe, John Haile. The Aleutian Warriors: A History of the 11th Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co. and Anchorage Chapter – Air Force Association. 1990. ISBN 0929521358. OCLC 25370916.
- Dickrell, Jeff. Center of the Storm: The Bombing of Dutch Harbor and the Experience of Patrol Wing Four in the Aleutians, Summer 1942. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Inc. 2001. ISBN 1575100924. OCLC 50242148.
- Feinberg, Leonard. Where the Williwaw Blows: The Aleutian Islands-World War II. Pilgrims' Process. 1992. ISBN 097106098-3. OCLC 57146667.
- Garfield, Brian. The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. 1995 [1969]. ISBN 0912006838. OCLC 33358488.