以心傳心

以心傳心（日語：以心伝心^{Ishin-denshin}）是一個日本熟語^[1]，意指不用說出來也能理解對方意思的溝通方式^[2]。

儘管普世人類皆懂得理解沉默背後的意思，但一些日本人相信這是日本文化的獨有特徵^[3]。其跟腹藝（英語：haragei）在概念上有所不同——前者是指被動地理解對方的內心，後者則指有意進行的非語言溝通。日本人傳統上認為「以心傳心」是經由內心或腹部（內部的象徵）進行的無聲交流；他們認為用到嘴部或臉部（外部）的溝通較容易出現不夠坦誠的情況^[3]。這一概念經由中國傳入日本，並跟禪宗有關。對於禪宗而言，以心傳心即代表直接經由心靈傳法^[3]^[4]。禪宗把釋迦牟尼跟摩訶迦葉傳法的一幕形容為「以心傳心」^[5]^[6]。

以心傳心等非語言溝通方式繼續影響當代的日本文化和倫理觀念^[7]——從商業倫理^[8]到臨終關懷，無一不受其影響^[9]。

參見

內團體與外團體

參考資料

^ Maynard, Michael L; Maynard, Senko K; Taki. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. McGraw Hill Professional. 1993: 113. ISBN 978-0-8442-8496-5.
^ Cheung, King-Kok. Articulate Silences: Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Joy Kogawa. Cornell University Press. 1993: 146 [2012-07-29]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8147-5. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-02）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Davies, Roger J.; Ikeno, Osamu. The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture. Tuttle Publishing. 2002-03-15: 52–54, 105 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8048-3295-3. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-03）.
^ Baroni, Helen Josephine. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002: 156 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-03）.
^ Shore, Jeff. THE SOURCE OF ZEN: WHO TRANSMITS WHAT? (PDF). 1998 [2021-02-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-02-15）.
^ Durix, Claude. Cent Clés pour Comprendre le Zen. Le Courrier du Livre. 1991: 43. ISBN 978-2-7029-0261-5.
^ Murata, K. Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Japanese Organisations: A Socio-Cultural Perspective on ba. Morais da Costa; Jorge Goncalo (編). Ethical Issues and Social Dilemmas in Knowledge Management: Organizational Innovation: Organizational Innovation. IGI Global. 2010: 10 [2021-02-24]. ISBN 978-1-61520-874-6. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）.
^ Dougherty, Andrew J. Japan: 2000. Rochester Institute of Technology. 1991: 17.
^ Slingsby, Brian Taylor. The nature of relative subjectivity: a reflexive mode of thought. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2005, 30 (1): 9–25. PMID 15814365. doi:10.1080/03605310590907039.

[Maynard-1993-1] Maynard, Michael L; Maynard, Senko K; Taki. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. McGraw Hill Professional. 1993: 113. ISBN 978-0-8442-8496-5.

[Cheung1993-2] Cheung, King-Kok. Articulate Silences: Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Joy Kogawa. Cornell University Press. 1993: 146 [2012-07-29]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8147-5. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-02）.

[DaviesIkeno2002-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Davies, Roger J.; Ikeno, Osamu. The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture. Tuttle Publishing. 2002-03-15: 52–54, 105 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8048-3295-3. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-03）.

[Baroni2002-4] Baroni, Helen Josephine. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002: 156 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-03）.

[Shores1998-5] Shore, Jeff. THE SOURCE OF ZEN: WHO TRANSMITS WHAT? (PDF). 1998 [2021-02-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-02-15）.

[Durix1991-6] Durix, Claude. Cent Clés pour Comprendre le Zen. Le Courrier du Livre. 1991: 43. ISBN 978-2-7029-0261-5.

[Murata-2010-7] Murata, K. Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Japanese Organisations: A Socio-Cultural Perspective on ba. Morais da Costa; Jorge Goncalo (編). Ethical Issues and Social Dilemmas in Knowledge Management: Organizational Innovation: Organizational Innovation. IGI Global. 2010: 10 [2021-02-24]. ISBN 978-1-61520-874-6. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）.

[Dougherty-1991-8] Dougherty, Andrew J. Japan: 2000. Rochester Institute of Technology. 1991: 17.

[Slingsby2005-9] Slingsby, Brian Taylor. The nature of relative subjectivity: a reflexive mode of thought. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2005, 30 (1): 9–25. PMID 15814365. doi:10.1080/03605310590907039.

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