古風暴學

古風暴學（Paleotempestology）是一門通過氣候代理數據研究古代熱帶氣旋的學科，由麻省理工的氣象學家凱瑞·伊曼紐爾創建，1990年代開始在美國興起。

它興起的主要原因是科學家意識到不能只靠歷史文獻來研究古代風暴，這些文獻經常太過簡短。尤其是在美國，歷史記載最多只能追溯到150年前。

參考文獻

來源

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• Brückner, Helmut; Esser, Sascha; Gonzalo, Lia Anne; Dierick, Manuel; Opitz, Stephan; Pint, Anna; Reyes, Michelle; Engel, Max; May, Simon Matthias; Brill, Dominik. Typhoon Haiyan's sedimentary record in coastal environments of the Philippines and its paleotempestological implications. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 21 December 2016, 16 (12): 2799–2822. Bibcode:2016NHESS..16.2799B. ISSN 1561-8633. doi:10.5194/nhess-16-2799-2016  （英語）. 
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• Chen, Huei-Fen; Wen, Shie-Ying; Song, Shen-Rong; Yang, Tien-Nan; Lee, Teh-Quei; Lin, Sue-Fen; Hsu, Shih-Chieh; Wei, Kuo-Yen; Chang, Ping-Yu. Strengthening of paleo-typhoon and autumn rainfall in Taiwan corresponding to the Southern Oscillation at late Holocene. Journal of Quaternary Science. December 2012, 27 (9): 964–972. Bibcode:2012JQS....27..964C. doi:10.1002/jqs.2590 –透過Academia.edu （英語）. 
• Colombié, Claude; Carcel, Damien; Lécuyer, Christophe; Ruffel, Alastair; Schnyder, Johann. Temperature and cyclone frequency in Kimmeridgian Greenhouse period (late Jurassic). Global and Planetary Change. November 2018, 170: 126–145. Bibcode:2018GPC...170..126C. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.08.005 （英語）. 
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• Cugley, John; Woods, David; Humphreys, William F.; Wanamaker, Alan D.; Lachniet, Matthew S.; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Polyak, Victor J.; Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz; Gonzales, Angelique N. Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015-04-14, 112 (15): 4576–4581. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.4576D. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4403187 . PMID 25825740. doi:10.1073/pnas.1422270112 （英語）. 
• Dezileau, L.; Sabatier, P.; Blanchemanche, P.; Joly, B.; Swingedouw, D.; Cassou, C.; Castaings, J.; Martinez, P.; Von Grafenstein, U. Intense storm activity during the Little Ice Age on the French Mediterranean coast. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 1 January 2011, 299 (1): 289–297. Bibcode:2011PPP...299..289D. ISSN 0031-0182. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.11.009 （英語）. 
• Domínguez-Delmás, Marta; Harley, Grant L.; Trouet, Valerie. Shipwreck rates reveal Caribbean tropical cyclone response to past radiative forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-03-22, 113 (12): 3169–3174. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.3169T. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4812713 . PMID 26951648. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519566113 （英語）. 
• Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Smith Bryant, Sarah; Butler, Jessica; Dowling, Jennifer; Fan, Linda; Hausmann, Neil; Newby, Paige; Shuman, Bryan; Stern, Jennifer; Westover, Karlyn; Webb III, Thompson. 700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England. Geological Society of America Bulletin. June 2001, 113 (6): 714–727. Bibcode:2001GSAB..113..714D. S2CID 37143442. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0714:YSROIH>2.0.CO;2. 
• Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Butler, Jessica; Roll, Stuart; Wengren, Micah; Webb, Thompson. A backbarrier overwash record of intense storms from Brigantine, New Jersey. Marine Geology. 2004, 210 (1–4): 107–121. Bibcode:2004MGeol.210..107D. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.005 （英語）. 
• Donnelly, Jeffrey P. Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments: A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA. Journal of Coastal Research. 2005: 201–210. ISSN 0749-0208. JSTOR 25736985. 
• Donnelly, Jeffrey P., Paleotempestology, The Sedimentary Record of Intense Hurricanes, Gornitz, Vivien (編), Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer Netherlands: 763–766, 2009, ISBN 9781402044113, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_181 （英語） 
• Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Hawkes, Andrea D.; Lane, Philip; MacDonald, Dana; Shuman, Bryan N.; Toomey, Michael R.; van Hengstum, Peter J.; Woodruff, Jonathan D. Climate forcing of unprecedented intense-hurricane activity in the last 2000 years: DONNELLY ET AL.. Earth's Future. February 2015, 3 (2): 49–65. doi:10.1002/2014EF000274  （英語）. 
• Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Anderson, John B.; Woodruff, Jonathan D.; Wallace, Davin J. Palaeohurricane reconstructions from sedimentary archives along the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and western North Atlantic Ocean margins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 15 January 2014, 388 (1): 481–501 [2021-11-17]. Bibcode:2014GSLSP.388..481W. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 129854044. doi:10.1144/SP388.12. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-10） （英語）. 
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• Du, Shuhuan; Li, Baosheng; Chen, Muhong; Xiang, Rong; Niu, Donefeng; Si, Yuejun. Paleotempestology evidence recorded by eolian deposition in the Bohai Sea coastal zone during the last interglacial period. Marine Geology. September 2016, 379: 78–83. Bibcode:2016MGeol.379...78D. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2016.05.013 （英語）. 
• Elsner, James B.; Jagger, Thomas H.; Liu, Kam-biu. Comparison of Hurricane Return Levels Using Historical and Geological Records. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. February 2008, 47 (2): 368–374. Bibcode:2008JApMC..47..368E. ISSN 1558-8424. S2CID 54786543. doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1692.1  （英語）. 
• Ercolani, Christian; Muller, Joanne; Collins, Jennifer; Savarese, Michael; Squiccimara, Louis. Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews. October 2015, 126: 17–25. Bibcode:2015QSRv..126...17E. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.008  （英語）. 
• Fan, DaiDu; Liu, Kam-biu. Perspectives on the linkage between typhoon activity and global warming from recent research advances in paleotempestology. Chinese Science Bulletin. 1 October 2008, 53 (19): 2907–2922. Bibcode:2008SciBu..53.2907F. ISSN 1861-9541. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0341-2  –透過ResearchGate （英語）. 
• Ford, M. R.; Tuck, M.; Owen, S. D.; McLean, R. F.; Kench, P. S. Storm-deposited coral blocks: A mechanism of island genesis, Tutaga island, Funafuti atoll, Tuvalu. Geology. 2018-10-01, 46 (10): 915–918. Bibcode:2018Geo....46..915K. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/G45045.1 （英語）. 
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• Forsyth, Anthony J.; Nott, Jonathan; Bateman, Mark D.; Beaman, Robin J. Juxtaposed beach ridges and foredunes within a ridge plain — Wonga Beach, northeast Australia. Marine Geology. April 2012,. 307–310: 111–116. Bibcode:2012MGeol.307..111F. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2012.02.012. 
• Frappier, Brian R.; González, Luis A.; Carpenter, Scott J.; Sahagian, Dork; Frappier, Amy Benoit. Stalagmite stable isotope record of recent tropical cyclone events. Geology. 1 February 2007, 35 (2): 111–114. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..111B. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/G23145A.1 （英語）. 
• Frappier, Amy; Knutson, Thomas; Liu, Kam-Biu; Emanuel, Kerry. Perspective: coordinating paleoclimate research on tropical cyclones with hurricane-climate theory and modelling. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography. January 2007, 59 (4): 529–537. Bibcode:2007TellA..59..529F. ISSN 1600-0870. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00250.x  （英語）. 
• Frappier, Amy Benoit. Masking of interannual climate proxy signals by residual tropical cyclone rainwater: Evidence and challenges for low-latitude speleothem paleoclimatology: TROPICAL CYCLONE MASKING. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. September 2013, 14 (9): 3632–3647. doi:10.1002/ggge.20218  （英語）. 
• Frappier, Amy Benoit; Pyburn, James; Pinkey-Drobnis, Aurora D.; Wang, Xianfeng; Corbett, D. Reide; Dahlin, Bruce H. Two millennia of tropical cyclone-induced mud layers in a northern Yucatán stalagmite: Multiple overlapping climatic hazards during the Maya Terminal Classic "megadroughts": Frappier et al.: Mud and the Maya. Geophysical Research Letters. 2014-07-28, 41 (14): 5148–5157. S2CID 53695062. doi:10.1002/2014GL059882 （英語）. 
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• Grissino-Mayer, Henri D.; Miller, Dana L.; Mora, Claudia I., Stoffel, Markus; Bollschweiler, Michelle; Butler, David R.; Luckman, Brian H. , 編, Dendrotempestology and the Isotopic Record of Tropical Cyclones in Tree Rings of the Southeastern United States, Tree Rings and Natural Hazards: A State-of-Art, Advances in Global Change Research (Springer Netherlands), 2010: 291–303, ISBN 9789048187362, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8736-2_28 （英語） 
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• Hippensteel, Scott. Paleotempestology and the pursuit of the perfect paleostorm proxy. GSA Today. April 2010: 52–53. doi:10.1130/GSATG80GW.1 . 
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• Kolodny, Yehoshua; Calvo, Ran; Rosenfeld, Daniel. "Too low" δ18O of paleo-meteoric, low latitude, water; do paleo-tropical cyclones explain it?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. September 2009, 280 (3–4): 387–395. Bibcode:2009PPP...280..387K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.06.025 （英語）. 
• Krencker, François-Nicolas; Bodin, Stéphane; Suan, Guillaume; Heimhofer, Ulrich; Kabiri, Lahcen; Immenhauser, Adrian. Toarcian extreme warmth led to tropical cyclone intensification. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. September 2015, 425: 120–130. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.425..120K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.003 （英語）. 
• Lane, Philip; Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Woodruff, Jonathan D.; Hawkes, Andrea D. A decadally-resolved paleohurricane record archived in the late Holocene sediments of a Florida sinkhole. Marine Geology. September 2011, 287 (1–4): 14–30. Bibcode:2011MGeol.287...14L. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.07.001. hdl:1912/4943  （英語）. 
• LeBlanc, Allison R.; Kennedy, Lisa M.; Liu, Kam-biu; Lane, Chad S. Linking hurricane landfalls, precipitation variability, fires, and vegetation response over the past millennium from analysis of coastal lagoon sediments, southwestern Dominican Republic. Journal of Paleolimnology. 2017-08-01, 58 (2): 135–150. Bibcode:2017JPall..58..135L. ISSN 1573-0417. S2CID 132624091. doi:10.1007/s10933-017-9965-z （英語）. 
• Liu, Kam-biu; Fearn, Miriam L. Lake-sediment record of late Holocene hurricane activities from coastal Alabama. Geology. 1993, 21 (9): 793. Bibcode:1993Geo....21..793L. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0793:LSROLH>2.3.CO;2. 
• Liu, Kam-Biu, Paleotempestology: Geographic Solutions to Hurricane Hazard Assessment and Risk Prediction, Janelle, Donald G.; Warf, Barney; Hansen, Kathy (編), WorldMinds: Geographical Perspectives on 100 Problems: Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Association of American Geographers 1904–2004, Springer Netherlands: 443–448, 2004, ISBN 9781402023521, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2352-1_72 （英語） 
• Liu, Kam-biu. Paleotempestology: The Science of Reconstructing Paleohurricane Activity (PDF). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. La Paz, Baja California Sur. 2010 [2021-11-17]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-03-15）. 
• Liu, K.; Knowles, J. T. Proxy Record of Holocene Hurricane Activity from Barbuda in the Northeastern Caribbean. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2008-12-01, 14: U14B–02. Bibcode:2008AGUFM.U14B..02L. 
• Liu, Entao; Zhao, Jian-xin; Feng, Yue-xing; Leonard, Nicole D.; Clark, Tara R.; Roff, George. U-Th age distribution of coral fragments from multiple rubble ridges within the Frankland Islands, Great Barrier Reef: Implications for past storminess history. Quaternary Science Reviews. July 2016, 143: 51–68. Bibcode:2016QSRv..143...51L. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.006 （英語）. 
• Madsen, A.T.; Duller, G.A.T.; Donnelly, J.P.; Roberts, H.M.; Wintle, A.G. A chronology of hurricane landfalls at Little Sippewissett Marsh, Massachusetts, USA, using optical dating. Geomorphology. August 2009, 109 (1–2): 36–45. Bibcode:2009Geomo.109...36M. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.08.023 （英語）. 
• Malaizé, B.; Bertran, P.; Carbonel, P.; Bonnissent, D.; Charlier, K.; Galop, D.; Imbert, D.; Serrand, N.; Stouvenot, Ch.; Pujol, C. Hurricanes and climate in the Caribbean during the past 3700 years BP (PDF). The Holocene. 1 September 2011, 21 (6): 911–924 [2021-11-17]. Bibcode:2011Holoc..21..911M. ISSN 0959-6836. S2CID 140572723. doi:10.1177/0959683611400198. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-08） （英語）. 
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• McCloskey, T.A.; Keller, G. 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize. Quaternary International. February 2009, 195 (1–2): 53–68. Bibcode:2009QuInt.195...53M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003 （英語）. 
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外部連結

• Western North Atlantic Basin 8,000 Year palaeotempestology Database 2018
• palaeotempestology Resource Center
• Shipwrecks, tree rings and hurricanes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）