維基百科

艾爾·葛雷柯

艾爾·葛雷柯（西班牙語：El Greco，1541年—1614年4月7日），西班牙文藝復興時期畫家、雕塑家與建築家。「艾爾·葛雷柯」在西班牙文中意為「希臘人」，是依葛雷柯的希臘血統而取的別名；葛雷柯在畫作上通常署名以希臘文本名多米尼克·提托克波洛斯（希臘語：Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος，西班牙語：Doménikos Theotokópoulos）。

艾爾·葛雷柯
《一名老人的肖像》（推測為艾爾·葛雷柯之自畫像），約1595年–1600年，油彩 / 帆布，52.7 × 46.7 cm，美國紐約大都會藝術博物館
出生多米尼克·提托克波洛斯
Doménikos Theotokópoulos
1541年
威尼斯共和國克里特
逝世1614年4月7日（72–73歲）
西班牙托雷多
國籍西班牙 / 希臘
知名於繪畫、雕塑、建築
知名作品《脫掉基督的外衣》 (1577–1579)
《聖母昇天》 (1577–1579)
《歐貴茲伯爵的葬禮》 (1586–1588)
《托利多風景》 (1596–1600)
《聖馬丁與乞丐》(1597-1599)
《揭開第五印》 (1608–1614)
運動矯飾主義
影響於

葛雷柯出生於後拜占庭藝術時期的克里特，當時為威尼斯共和國所治理。他原受傳統繪畫教育，直到26歲時，和許多希臘藝術家一樣，動身前往威尼斯旅行後畫風丕變[1]。1570年，葛雷柯遷居至羅馬，在當地經營一間工作坊、創作了一系列的作品。在此期間，葛雷柯受到威尼斯文藝復興的薰染，在畫風中融入了矯飾主義。1577年，他轉往西班牙托雷多發展，直到逝世。在托雷多，葛雷柯接受了些許重要的委託，並創作出他最著名的畫作。

葛雷柯兼具戲劇性與表現主義的畫風在當代並不受寵，但在20世紀獲肯。葛雷柯被公認是表現主義及立體主義先驅。葛雷柯被現代學者視為一極與眾不同、具高度個人色彩的藝術家，不屬任何傳統流派[2]。他的畫作以彎曲瘦長的身形為特色，用色怪誕而變幻無常，融合了拜占庭傳統與西方繪畫風格[3]。

著名作品

  •  
    天使報喜
  •  
    慈善聖母
  •  
    聖母無原罪
  •  
    基督將貨幣兌換者趕出聖殿
  •  
    基督使盲人復明
  •  
    救世主基督
  •  
    拉奧孔
  •  
    手放在胸前的貴族
  •  
    聖方濟各接受聖痕
  •  
    聖哲羅姆
  •  
    聖哲羅姆
  •  
    弗雷·霍坦西奧·費利克斯·帕拉維奇諾
  •  
    比薩的弗朗西斯科博士肖像
  •  
    有鬍鬚者的肖像

引用

  1. ^ J. Brown, El Greco of Toledo, 75-77
  2. ^ Greco, El. 大英百科全書. 2002. 
  3. ^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 60

參考文獻

 
維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：艾爾·葛雷柯

出版資料 (書與文章)

  • Acton, Mary. Learning to Look at Paintings. 牛津大學出版. 1991. ISBN 0-521-40107-0. 
  • Allardyce, Isabel. Our Lady of Charity, at Illescas. Historic Shrines of Spain 1912. 基辛格出版. 2003. ISBN 0-7661-3621-3. 
  • Álvarez Lopera, José. El Greco: From Crete to Toledo (Sofia Giannetsou 譯自希臘文). in M. Tazartes' "El Greco". Explorer. 2005. ISBN 960-7945-83-2. 
  • Anstis, Stuart. Was El Greco Astigmatic (PDF). Leonardo. 2002, 35 (2): 208 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.1162/00240940252940612. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2007-07-04）. 
  • Arslan, Edoardo. Cronisteria del Greco Madonnero. Commentari. 1964, xv (5): 213–231. 
  • Boubli, Lizzie. Michelangelo and Spain: on the Dissemination of his Draughtmanship. Reactions to the Master edited by Francis Ames-Lewis and Paul Joannides. 阿什蓋特出版有限公司. 2003. ISBN 0-7546-0807-7. 
  • Braham, Allan. Two Notes on El Greco and Michelangelo. Burlington Magazine (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). June 1966, 108 (759): 307–310. 
  • Bray, Xavier. El Greco. 國家美術館公司，倫敦. 2004. ISBN 1857093151. 
  • Brown, Jonathan (ed.). El Greco and Toledo. El Greco of Toledo (目錄). 小布朗出版. 1982. ASIN B-000H4-58C-Y. 
  • Brown Jonathan, Kagan Richard L. View of Toledo. Studies in the History of Art. 1982, 11: 19–30. 
  • Brown Jonathan, Mann Richard G. Tone. Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth Through Nineteenth Centuries. 洛特列治 (英). 1997. ISBN 0-415-14889-8. 
  • Byron, Robert. Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). October 1929, 55 (319): 160–174. 
  • Constantoudaki, Maria. D. Theotocópoulos, from Candia to Venice (in Greek). Bulletin of the Christian Archeological Society. 1975–1976,. 8 (period IV): 55–71. 
  • Cormack, Robin. Painting the Soul, Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds. 瑞科圖書，倫敦. 1997. 
  • Cossío, Manuel Bartolomé. El Greco (in Spanish). Victoriano Suárez，馬德里. 1908. 
  • Crow, John Armstrong. The Fine Arts — End of the Golden Age. Spain: The Root and the Flower. 加州大學出版. 1985. ISBN 0-520-05133-5. 
  • Davies, David. The Byzantine Legacy in the Art of El Greco. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990. 
  • Davies, David. The Influence of Christian Neo-Platonism on the Art of El Greco. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990. 
  • Engass Robert, Brown Jonathan. Artistic Practice — El Greco versus the Hospital of Charity, Illescas. Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750. 西北大學出版. 1992. ISBN 0-8101-1065-2. 
  • Fernádez, Francisco de San Román. De la Vida del Greco — Nueva Serie de Documentos Inéditos. Archivo Español del Arte y Arqueologia. 1927, 8: 172–184. 
  • Foundoulaki, Efi. From El Greco to Cézanne. From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue). 國家美術館-Alexandros Soutsos Museum. 1992. 
  • Foundoulaki, Efi. Reading El Greco through Manet (in Greek). Anti. 24 August 1990, (445): 40–47. 
  • Gautier, Théophile. Chapitre X. Voyage en Espagne (in French). Gallimard-Jeunesse. 1981. ISBN 2-07-037295-2. 
  • Greco, El. 大英百科全書. 2002. 
  • Grierson, Ian. Who am Eye. The Eye Book. 利物浦大學出版. 2000. ISBN 0-85323-755-7. 
  • Griffith, William. El Greco. Great Painters and Their Famous Bible Pictures. 基辛格出版. 2005. ISBN 1-4179-0608-1. 
  • Gudiol, José. Doménicos Theotocópoulos, El Greco, 1541–1614. 維京出版. 1973. ASIN B-0006C-8T6-E. 
  • Gudiol, José. Iconography and Chronology in El Greco's Paintings of St. Francis. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). September 1962, 44 (3): 195–203 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3048016. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-28）. 
  • Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Doménicos Theotocópoulos, 450 Years from his Birth. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990. 
  • Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Inequalities in the work of Theotocópoulos and the Problems of their Interpretation. Meanings of the Image edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou (in Greek). 克里特大學. 1994. ISBN 960-7309-65-0. 
  • Harris, Enriquetta. A Decorative Scheme by El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). April 1938, 72 (421): 154–155+157–159+162–164. 
  • Helm, Robert Meredith. The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco. Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics edited by Aphrodite Alexandrakis and Nicholas J. Moutafakis. SUNY 出版. 2001. ISBN 0-7914-5279-4. 
  • Hispanic Society of America. El Greco in the Collection of the Hispanic Society of America. Printed by order of the trustees. 1927. 
  • Johnson, Ron. Picasso's "Demoiselles d'Avignon" and the Theatre of the Absurd. Arts Magazine. October 1980, V (2): 102–113. 
  • Kandinsky Wassily, Marc Franz. L'Almanach du "Blaue Reiter". Klincksieck. 1987. ISBN 2-252-02567-0. 
  • Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. El Greco-The Greek. Kastaniotis. 1999. ISBN 960-03-2544-8. 
  • Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. El Greco, the Puzzle. Doménicos Theotocópoulos today. To Vima. 19 April 1987. 
  • Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. From El Greco to Cézanne (An "Imaginary Museum" with Masterpieces of Three Centuries). From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue). National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum. 1992. 
  • Landon, A.E. Reincarnation Magazine 1925. 基辛格出版. 2003. ISBN 0-7661-3775-9. 
  • Lefaivre Liane, Tzonis Alexander. El Greco (Domenico Theotocopoulos). El Greco—The Greek. 洛特列治 (英). 2003. ISBN 0-415-26025-6. 
  • Mango Cyril, Jeffreys Elizabeth. Towards a Franco-Greek Culture. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 牛津大學出版. 2002. ISBN 0-19-814098-3. 
  • Mann, Richard G. Tradition and Originality in El Greco's Work (PDF). Journal of the Rocky Mountain (中世紀與文藝復興協會). 2002, 23: 83–110 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2006-09-06）. 
  • Marias, Fernando. El Greco's Artistic Thought. El Greco, Identity and Transformation edited by Alvarez Lopera. Skira. 1999. ISBN 88-8118-474-5. 
  • Marias Fernando, Bustamante García Agustín. Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco (in Spanish). Cátedra. 1981. ISBN 84-376-0263-7. 
  • Mayer, Aygust L. El Greco — An Oriental Artist. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). June 1929, 11 (2): 146–152. doi:10.2307/3045440. 
  • Mayer, Aygust L. Notes on the Early El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). January 1939, 74 (430): 28–29+32–33. 
  • Meier-Graefe, Julius. The Spanish Journey (translated form German by J. Holroyd-Reece). 喬納森凱普出版社，倫敦. 1926. 
  • Mertzios, K.D. Selections of the Registers of the Cretan Notary Michael Maras (1538–1578) (in Greek). Cretan Chronicles. 1961–1962, 2 (15–16): 55–71. 
  • Nagvi-Peters, Fatima. A Turning Point in Rilke's Evolution: The Experience of El Greco. Germanic Review. 22 September 1997, 72 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-13）. 
  • Pallucchini, Rodolfo. Some Early Works by El Greco. Burlington Magazine (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). May 1948, 90 (542): 130–135, 137. 
  • Panayotakis, Nikolaos M. "The Cretan Period of the Life of Doménicos Theotocópoulos. Festschrift In Honor Of Nikos Svoronos, Volume B. 克里特大學出版. 1986. 
  • Pijoan, Joseph. El Greco — A Spaniard. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). March 1930, 12 (1): 12–19 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3050759. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-28）. 
  • Procopiou, Angelo. El Greco and Cretan Painting. Burlington Magazine (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). March 1952, 94 (588): 74+76–80 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-28）. 
  • Rassias John, Alexiou Christos, Bien Peter. Greco. Demotic Greek II: The Flying Telephone Booth. UPNE. 1982. ISBN 0-87451-208-5. 
  • Richardson, John. Picasso's Apocalyptic Whorehouse. The New York Review of Books (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). 23 April 1987, 34 (7): 40–47.  |year=與|date=不匹配 (幫助)
  • Salas, X. de. The Velazquez Exhibition in Madrid. Burlington Magazine. February 1961, 103 (695): 54–57 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-15）. 
  • Sanders Alan, Kearney Richard. Changing Faces. The Wake of Imagination: Toward a Postmodern Culture. 洛特列治 (英). 1998. ISBN 0-415-11950-2. 
  • Scholz-Hansel, Michael. El Greco. 塔森出版社. 1986. ISBN 3-8228-3171-9. 
  • Sethre, Janet. El Greco. The Souls of Venice. McFarland & Company. 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1573-8. 
  • Sheehanl, J.J. Critiques of a Museum Culture. Museums in the German Art World. 美國牛津大學出版. 2000. ISBN 0-19-513572-5. 
  • Souchère de la, Dor. Picasso à Antibes (in French). Fernan Hazan (巴黎). 1960. 
  • Talbot Rice, David. David Piper , 編. Enjoying Paintings. 倫敦: Penguin. 1964. ASIN B-000-BGRP4-C. 
  • Tazartes, Mauricia. El Greco (Sofia Giannetsou 譯自希臘文). Explorer. 2005. ISBN 960-7945-83-2. 
  • Theotocópoulos, Doménicos. 太陽神百科全書. 1952. 
  • Valliere, James T. The El Greco Influence on Jackson Pollock's Early Works. Art Journal (學院藝術協會). Autumn 1964, 24 (1): 6–9. doi:10.2307/774739. 
  • Wethey, Harold E. El Greco and his School (Volume II). 普林斯頓大學出版. 1962. ASIN B-0007D-NZV-6. 
  • Wethey, Harold E. El Greco in Rome and the Portrait of Vincenzo Anastagi. Studies in the History of Art. 1984, 13: 171–178. 
  • Wethey, Harold E. Letter to the Editor. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). March 1966, 48 (1): 125–127. 

線上資料

延伸閱讀

  • Aznar, José Camón. Dominico Greco. Madrid. 1950. 
  • Davies, David (Editor), Elliott, John H. (Editor), Bray, Xavier (Contributor), Christiansen, Keith (Contributor), Finaldi, Gabriele (Contributor). El Greco (catalogue). National Gallery London. 2006. ISBN 1-85709-938-9. 
  • Marias, Fernando. El Greco in Toledo. Scala Publishers. 2005. ISBN 1-85759-210-7. 
  • Pallucchini, Rodolfo. II Polittico del Greco della R. Gallena Estense e la Formazione dell'Artista (in Italian). Gazzetta dell' Emilia. March 7, 1937, 13: 171–178. 
  • Prevelakis, Pandelis. Theotocópoulos—Biography (in Greek). Aetos. 1942. 
  • Rice, Talbot. El Greco and Byzantium. The New York Review of Books (The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.). January 1937, 70 (406): 34+38–39. 

外部連結

取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=埃尔·格列柯&oldid=84513720」