德國歷史 (1945年—1990年)
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2019年3月11日) |
1945年至1990年德國歷史指從1945年納粹德國於二戰被盟軍擊潰、兩德分裂至1990年重新統一的這段歷史。當納粹德國於二戰被擊潰後，德國因世界東西兩大陣營對立而分裂，即兩德分裂。德國被剝奪了戰爭收益，東部領土被波蘭和蘇聯所奪取。在戰爭結束時，德國有大約800萬外國流離失所者;[1] 主要是強迫勞動者和囚犯; 包括來自集中營系統的大約40萬人，[2]更多的倖存者，他們死於飢餓，惡劣的條件，謀殺或被處死。超過1000萬講德語的難民從中歐和東歐的其他國家抵達德國。[1]大約900萬德國人是戰俘，其中許多人被迫作為強迫勞動者數年，為德國在戰爭中遭受破壞的國家提供恢復原狀，並取消了一些工業設備作為賠償。
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 西德 |
 東德 |
|---|---|
冷戰時期，德國分別由同盟國佔領西部和蘇聯佔領東部。直到1949年東西兩國建立時，德國人在政府中幾乎沒有發言權：
德意志聯邦共和國，通稱西德或聯邦德國，是一個議會民主制且採取資本主義經濟體系，以及具有自由的教會和工會。
德意志民主共和國，通稱東德或民主德國，是一個馬列主義社會主義共和國，一定程度上蘇聯共產黨影響的德國統一社會黨執政，以便將其保留在蘇聯的勢力範圍內。[3]
在經歷了1955年的萊茵河奇蹟後，西德成為歐洲最繁榮的經濟體。在康拉德·艾德諾的領導下，西德與法國，美國和以色列建立了牢固的關係。西德也加入了北大西洋公約組織和歐洲經濟共同體（後來成為歐盟）。東德由於其經濟基本上是為了滿足蘇聯的需要而組織起來，因而停滯不前; 秘密警察（史塔西）嚴密控制著日常生活，柏林圍牆（1961年）結束了向西部不斷湧入的難民。德國於1990年重新統一。此後，隨著作為東德執政黨的統一社會黨的衰落和東德的垮台，德國也再次成為世界大國。
參考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Stragart, Nicholas. The German War; a nation under arms, 1939-45. Bodley Head. 2015: 549.
- ^ Wachsmann, Nikolaus. KL; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little, Brown. 2015: 544.
- ^ Knowles, Chris. Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction. History & Policy. History & Policy. 29 January 2014 [19 July 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-07）.
Works cited
- Fulbrook, Mary. [1]"The Two Germanies, 1945–90" (ch. 7) and "The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990" (ch. 8) in A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004): 203–249; 249–257.
- Jean Edward Smith, Germany Beyond The Wall: People, Politics, and Prosperity, Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1969.
- Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life, New York: Henry, Holt, & Company, 1990.
- Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
- Jean Edward Smith, The Papers of Lucius D. Clay, 2 Vols., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1974.
- David H Childs, Germany in the Twentieth Century, (From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity), Batsford, Third edition, 1991. ISBN 0-7134-6795-9
- David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982. ISBN 0-7099-0702-8
- David H Childs, The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945, Routledge, 2000. [2]
外部連結
- Germany at the onset of the cold war （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (The division of Germany)
- The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report No. 1 (1947) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3 (1947) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler
- Contemporary History （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam （德文）
- Special German series 2. The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states, 29 March 1945.
- The overlooked majority: German women in the four zones of occupied Germany, 1945–1949, a comparative study[永久失效連結]
- East Berlin, Past and Present
- Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II. Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces, including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S.-style democracy to Germany. Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war, efforts at political, economic and cultural development, and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation.
- For representation of the German Partition in literature, one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy's "Das Bewusstsein für die Wand: A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature", in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly (ISSN 0972-6373; ISBN 978-81-269-1747-1) 11 (2), April–June 2012: 157–68. In his "Patriots in Fremden Landern: 1939-45 German Émigré Literature", collected in Writing Difference: Nationalism, Identity, and Literature, edited by G.N. Ray, J. Sarkar, and A. Bhattacharyya, and published by the New Delhi-based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 (ISBN 978-81-269-1938-3; pages-367-90), Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity-crisis.
- Post-World War II Posters from Germany, 1945-1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress
- Chronology of the East-West-German division （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）