核糖體停滯
核糖體停滯(Ribosomal pause, Ribosomal stall)[1]是細胞中核糖體轉譯mRNA時發生停滯的現象,在原核生物與真核生物細胞中皆會發生[2][3]。核糖體分析等實驗技術可用於找出mRNA中發生核糖體停滯的位點[4]。
機制
早在1980年代即有研究顯示核糖體轉譯mRNA不同區域的的速率不一致,當時認為轉譯較慢的位點是因含有罕見的密碼子,對應的tRNA在細胞中含量較少,因此與mRNA結合所需的時間較長[5]。但近年核糖體分析的實驗結果顯示核糖體發生停滯的位點與其對應tRNA的含量不一定有關,意即有些核糖體停滯並非由罕見密碼子造成[2]。除此之外造成核糖體停滯的原因還有多脯胺酸序列(polyproline)、tRNA未活化(未連接胺基酸)等[1],此類停滯為可逆,可由eIF5A(真核生物)或EFP(原核生物)蛋白解決,為細胞調控轉譯的機制之一,除控制蛋白質轉譯的產量[6],還可能與蛋白質摺疊有關(即在蛋白質的結構域轉譯結束時發生停滯,讓其有時間完成折疊)[7],或者促使核糖體移碼發生[8]。缺少eIF5A的真核細胞發生核糖體停滯的頻率會增加[9]。
有時核糖體停滯為不可逆,原核生物與真核生物皆有將核糖體自mRNA釋出的機制。當真核細胞中mRNA上不具終止密碼子時,核糖體轉譯後會停滯於mRNA的末端,此時細胞會啟動無終止密碼子媒介式分解途徑(NSD)將核糖體釋出,並將該mRNA與轉譯的多肽產物降解;有時核糖體會遇到mRNA上較複雜的二級結構而停滯,細胞則可啟動轉譯停滯分解(no-go decay,NGD)途徑,亦可將核糖體釋出,並降解mRNA及多肽產物[8]。細菌則可以轉運-信使RNA(tmRNA)啟動反式轉譯來處理停滯的核糖體[1],部分細菌還有ArfA、ArfB等其他途徑[1][10]。
參考文獻
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