浮動聲調

浮動聲調語素[1]中的元素,不包含輔音元音,僅包含音調。它無法單獨發音,但會影響相鄰語素的音調。 [2] [3]

例如在班巴拉語中,有兩個音調:高音和低音。[4]在這種語言中,定冠詞為一低浮動聲調(floating low tone);定冠詞與一個孤立的名詞連用時,這個低浮動聲調與前面的元音相連,將高音變為降調(falling tone):[bá]泛指所有的河; [bâ]則是指某條特定的河。當低浮動聲調出現在兩個高音之間時,它會將以下音調降低

  • [bá tɛ́]:它不是一條河
  • [bá tɛ̄][bá ꜜ tɛ́]:它不是這(那)條河

與詞綴之類的音段語素相關聯的浮動聲調同樣常見。[5]例如,在奈及利亞的埃多德語英語Edoid languages[6]中,主要的否定語素與現在時語素只通過聲調區分;現在時語素 (á-) 本身為高音,而過去時的否定語素 (´a-) 將該語素之前的音節上變為高音:

  • oh á-nga 他在攀爬
  • oh a-nga 他沒有在攀爬

歷史上,浮動聲調源自語音同化[7]輔音弱化 [8]到僅保留其音調的語素。 [9]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Clark, Mary M. 1993. "Representation of downstep in Dschang Bamileke". The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, ed. by Harry van der Hulst and Keith Snider. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. 29-73
  2. ^ Mary Paster, UC Berkeley, "FLOATING TONES IN GÃ *" http://elanguage.net/journals/index.php/sal/article/view/1366/925頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  3. ^ Wentum, Comfort. 1997. A Lexical Tonology of Ga. Legon: University of Ghana, M. Phil thesis.
  4. ^ Clements, G. N. and Kevin C. Ford. 1979. "Kikuyu tone shift and its synchronic consequences." Linguistic Inquiry 10: 179-210.
  5. ^ Kropp-Dakubu, Mary E. 1986. "Downglide, floating tones and non-WH questions in Ga and Dangme." The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentais, ed. by Koen Bogers, Harry van der Hulst, and Maarten Mous. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Pp. 153-173.
  6. ^ Zimmerman, 1. 1858. A grammatical sketch and vocabulary of the Akra- or Galanguage with an appendix on the Adanme dialect. Stuttgart, 2 vols. Republished with an Introduction by 1. Berry, Gregg International, 1972.
  7. ^ Goldsmith, John. 1976. Autosegmental Phonology. Cambridge: MIT, PhD. dissertation. Distributed by IULe.
  8. ^ Okunor, Vincent. 1969. Tone in the Ga verb. Legon: Institute of African Studies. Paster, Mary. 2000. "Issues in the tonology of Ga." Columbus: Ohio State University, Undergraduate thesis.
  9. ^ Trutenau, H.M.J. 1972. "A sketch of tone rules required for a generative transformational grammar of Ga (a terraced level tone language)." Linguistics 79: 83-96.