维生素B3
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2023年1月29日) |
維生素B3屬於維生素B族,包括三個維生素異構體,分別是煙酸、煙醯胺和煙醯胺核糖。[1]這三種維生素異構體在人體內都會轉化成煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)。[1]生命需要NAD,而人體不能在沒有維生素B3或色氨酸的情況下合成NAD。[1]煙醯胺核糖於2004年被確認是維生素B3之一。[2][1]
維生素B3 | |
---|---|
藥物種類 | |
生物靶標 | 酶輔因子 |
ATC代碼 | A11H |
外部連結 | |
MeSH | D009536 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Niacin |
動植物可以通過色氨酸合成煙酸。[3]煙酸存在於許多食物中,其中肉類、家禽、金槍魚和三文魚中的煙酸含量最高,而堅果、豆類和種子中的煙酸含量較少。[4][5]作為營養補充品的煙酸可以治療因缺乏維生素B3導致的糙皮病。糙皮病的症狀有皮膚和口腔病變、貧血、頭痛和疲倦。[6]許多國家都會要求在麵粉和其它糧食添加煙酸防止糙皮病。[4][7]
煙醯胺是輔因子煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)和煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP+)的組成部分。雖然煙酸和煙醯胺在維生素活性上相同,但作為醯胺的煙醯胺不會還原膽固醇,也不會造成臉紅。[8][9]由於臉紅被認為是不良反應,因此煙醯胺被推薦為維生素B3缺乏症的治療方法。[10]
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Stipanuk, Martha H.; Caudill, Marie A. Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013: 541. ISBN 9780323266956 (英語).
Vitamin B3... potentially includes three different molecular forms: nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside
- ^ Bieganowski, P; Brenner, C. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans.. Cell. 14 May 2004, 117 (4): 495–502. PMID 15137942. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00416-7 .
- ^ Institute of Medicine. Niacin. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1998: 123–149 [29 August 2018]. ISBN 9780309065542. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-01).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Niacin. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 8 October 2018 [16 September 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-12).
- ^ Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 3 June 2020 [29 June 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-23).
- ^ Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. International Journal of Dermatology. January 2004, 43 (1): 1–5. PMID 14693013. S2CID 33877664. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x.
- ^ Why fortify?. Food Fortification Initiative. 2017 [4 April 2017]. (原始內容存檔於4 April 2017).
- ^ Jaconello P. Niacin versus niacinamide. CMAJ. October 1992, 147 (7): 990. PMC 1336277 . PMID 1393911.
- ^ Kirkland JB. Niacin requirements for genomic stability. Mutation Research. May 2012, 733 (1–2): 14–20 [2023-01-29]. PMID 22138132. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.008. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-04).
- ^ World Health Organization. Pellagra And Its Prevention And Control In Major Emergencies (報告). World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. hdl:10665/66704 . WHO/NHD/00.10.