靈長形上目

靈長形上目; 化石時期：晚白堊紀 - 現今; 79.6–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
高目：	北方真獸高目 Boreoeutheria
總目：	靈長總目 Euarchontoglires
大目：	真靈長大目 Euarchonta
上目：	靈長形上目 Primatomorpha; Beard, 1991
目
	皮翼目; 泛靈長目近兔猴型目（英語：Plesiadapiformes）; ;

靈長形上目（學名：Primatomorpha）為哺乳綱下的一個演化支，包含了皮翼目及靈長目，兩者約於7,960萬年前分家^[5]^[2]。靈長形上目與樹鼩目為姊妹群，兩者共同組成真靈長大目。

靈長形上目一詞最早出現於1991年（K.C. Beard）及1992年（Kalandadze, Rautian）的科學文獻之中。核DNA序列的研究分析（Murphy et al., 2001）支持真靈長大目假說，但針對粒線體DNA的研究分析（Arnason et al., 2002）則支持不一樣的假說。透過反轉錄轉座子標記（英語：Retrotransposon marker）的研究（Kriegs et al., 2007）也同樣支持真靈長大目假說。

另外，有假說將皮翼目與樹鼩目合併為巽他獸類（英語：Sundatheria），與靈長目互為姊妹群^[6]^[7]。近年來，也有部分研究假說將巽他獸類做為齧形大目的姊妹群，並主張廢除真靈長大目^[8]^[9]。

靈長總目

齧形大目

	齧齒目

	兔形目

靈長形上目

	狐猴總科

	懶猴總科

簡鼻亞目

跗猴型下目

類人猿下目

	闊鼻小目

	狹鼻小目

參考文獻

^ Primatomorpha. Paleobiology Database. [2022-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-31）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Zhang ML, Li ML, Ayoola AO, Murphy RW, Wu DD, Shao Y. Conserved sequences identify the closest living relatives of primates. Zoological Research. November 2019, 40 (6): 532–540. PMC 6822925  . PMID 31393097. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.057.
^ Collectif. Coppens Y, Senut B , 編. Origine(s) de la bipédie chez les hominidés. CNRS Éditions (réédition numérique FeniXX). 1991. ISBN 978-2-271-10666-7 （英語）.
^ Wilson Mantilla, G. P.; Chester, S. G. B.; Clemens, W. A.; Moore, J. R.; Sprain, C. J.; Hovatter, B. T.; Mitchell, W. S.; Mans, W. W.; Mundil, R.; Renne, P. R. Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates. Royal Society Open Science. 2021, 8 (2): rsos.210050, 210050. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810050W. PMC 8074693  . PMID 33972886. doi:10.1098/rsos.210050.
^ Esselstyn JA, Oliveros CH, Swanson MT, Faircloth BC. Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements. Genome Biology and Evolution. September 2017, 9 (9): 2308–2321. PMC 5604124  . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168.
^ O'Leary MA, Bloch JI, Flynn JJ, Gaudin TJ, Giallombardo A, Giannini NP, et al. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science. February 2013, 339 (6120): 662–7 [2022-09-18]. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302  . （原始內容存檔於2020-03-31）.
^ Wilford JN. Rat-Size Ancestor Said to Link Man and Beast. New York Times. 7 February 2013 [9 February 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-21）.
^ Meredith RW, Janečka JE, Gatesy J, Ryder OA, Fisher CA, Teeling EC, et al. Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science. October 2011, 334 (6055): 521–4. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..521M. PMID 21940861. S2CID 38120449. doi:10.1126/science.1211028.
^ Zhou X, Sun F, Xu S, Yang G, Li M. The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful. Integrative Zoology. March 2015, 10 (2): 186–98. PMID 25311886. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12116.

延伸閱讀

Beard KC. Vertical postures and climbing in the morphotype of Primatomorpha: Implications for locomotor evolution in primate history. Origine(s) de la Bipedie chez les Hominides. Cahiers de Paleoanthropologie. Paris: Editions du CNRS: 79–87. 1991. ISBN 9782222046028. OCLC 636661230.
Janecka JE, Miller W, Pringle TH, Wiens F, Zitzmann A, Helgen KM, Springer MS, Murphy WJ. Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates. Science. November 2007, 318 (5851): 792–4. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..792J. PMID 17975064. S2CID 12251814. doi:10.1126/science.1147555.
Goodman M, Czelusniak J, Page S, Meireles CM. Where DNA Sequences Place Homo sapiens in a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates. Tobias PV, Raath MA, Moggi-Cecchi J, Doyle GA (編). Humanity from African naissance to coming millennia : colloquia in human biology and paleoanthropology. Firenze: Firenze University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-88-8453-003-5.
Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Jurka J, Brosius J, Schmitz J. Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates. Trends in Genetics. April 2007, 23 (4): 158–61. PMID 17307271. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.002. (PDF version)
Arnason U, Adegoke JA, Bodin K, Born EW, Esa YB, Gullberg A, Nilsson M, Short RV, Xu X, Janke A. Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. June 2002, 99 (12): 8151–6. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8151A. PMC 123036  . PMID 12034869. doi:10.1073/pnas.102164299  .
Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature. February 2001, 409 (6820): 614–8. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..614M. PMID 11214319. S2CID 4373847. doi:10.1038/35054550.

[1] Primatomorpha. Paleobiology Database. [2022-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-31）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Zhang ML, Li ML, Ayoola AO, Murphy RW, Wu DD, Shao Y. Conserved sequences identify the closest living relatives of primates. Zoological Research. November 2019, 40 (6): 532–540. PMC 6822925  . PMID 31393097. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.057.

[3] Collectif. Coppens Y, Senut B , 編. Origine(s) de la bipédie chez les hominidés. CNRS Éditions (réédition numérique FeniXX). 1991. ISBN 978-2-271-10666-7 （英語）.

[4] Wilson Mantilla, G. P.; Chester, S. G. B.; Clemens, W. A.; Moore, J. R.; Sprain, C. J.; Hovatter, B. T.; Mitchell, W. S.; Mans, W. W.; Mundil, R.; Renne, P. R. Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates. Royal Society Open Science. 2021, 8 (2): rsos.210050, 210050. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810050W. PMC 8074693  . PMID 33972886. doi:10.1098/rsos.210050.

[5] Esselstyn JA, Oliveros CH, Swanson MT, Faircloth BC. Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements. Genome Biology and Evolution. September 2017, 9 (9): 2308–2321. PMC 5604124  . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168.

[SCI-20130208-6] O'Leary MA, Bloch JI, Flynn JJ, Gaudin TJ, Giallombardo A, Giannini NP, et al. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science. February 2013, 339 (6120): 662–7 [2022-09-18]. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302  . （原始內容存檔於2020-03-31）.

[NYT-20130207-7] Wilford JN. Rat-Size Ancestor Said to Link Man and Beast. New York Times. 7 February 2013 [9 February 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-21）.

[8] Meredith RW, Janečka JE, Gatesy J, Ryder OA, Fisher CA, Teeling EC, et al. Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science. October 2011, 334 (6055): 521–4. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..521M. PMID 21940861. S2CID 38120449. doi:10.1126/science.1211028.

[9] Zhou X, Sun F, Xu S, Yang G, Li M. The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful. Integrative Zoology. March 2015, 10 (2): 186–98. PMID 25311886. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12116.

[5]

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]