駭客行動主義

駭客行動主義(英語:hacktivism),或譯作「駭客激進主義」、「駭客主義」、「激進駭客」,是駭客(英語:hacking)與行動主義(英語:activism)的合成詞,指一種網路行動主義;其採取資訊技術、駭客攻擊展開公民不服從運動,以期達到推動政治議程或社會變革的目標。 [1] 駭客行動主義,根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理,其目的常為了言論自由人權資訊自由[2]

駭客行動主義活動涉及許多政治理念和議題。 自由網,是對抗審查點對點通信平台,是將政治理念和言論自由主張轉化為實際代碼的典型例子。駭客攻擊,作為行動主義手段,諸如匿名者維基解密之類的激進分子在網絡發起,也可以由單一激進分子活動,在不存在領導全體的權威下,為共同目標而相互合作。 [3]

「駭客行動主義」,是歧義術語。這個合成詞的誕生,是為了描述電子直接行動,即通過結合程式設計技術和批判性思維來努力實現社會變革。然而,正如駭客,有時也意味著網絡犯罪,駭客行動主義,也可能指帶惡意的、破壞性的、破壞網路安全的行動主義。[4] 相較於以往的行動主義形式,駭客行動主義取得了前所未有的成功,而吸引了更多參與者,更多工具的投入,取得更大影響力,能夠改變選舉結果、引發衝突,甚至摧毀企業。[5]

根據美國《2020-2022年反情報戰略》,除了國家對手和跨國犯罪組織外,「駭客行動主義者、洩密行動主義者和公開披露組織等受意識形態驅動的實體構成了重大威脅」。 [6] [7]

無政府主義駭客

起源和定義

1995年,Jason Sack首次使用了「駭客行動主義」一詞,去評論新媒體藝術家鄭淑麗的電影《Fresh Kill》 。 [8][9] 然而,死牛崇拜(cDc) 成員「Omega」多視為首個以現代意義發明該術語的人。1996年,Omega發給組織成員的電子郵件中使用了「駭客行動主義」一詞。 [10][11] Omega主張,言論自由人的基本權利;為保障言論自由,需保護所有人自由且平等的近用權,而駭客行動主義(英語:hacktivism)便是達成此目標的手段。[12] 由於該術語的歧義性,有些定義涵蓋網絡恐怖主義行動;其他定義則重申使用駭客技術改變社會。[13] [14]

著名的駭客行動主義團體與激進駭客

維基解密

2006年,媒體出版商維基解密成立。維基解密是非營利性組織,資金來自捐款[25]和媒體合作。維基解密發表了匿名消息來源提供的機密文件和其他媒體。[26] 維基解密創辦人是澳大利亞編輯、出版商和運動家朱利安·阿桑奇。目前,阿桑奇正因與維基解密的合作,而遭要求引渡到美國。[27] 2018年9月起, 克里斯汀‧拉芬森出任主編[28][29] 從2022年11月開始,維基解密網站上的許多文件無法訪問。[30][31][32][33]

 
福克斯面具是匿名者社群常使用的面具。

匿名者

2003年,匿名者起源於4chan的貼圖區。4chan允許使用者在無政府狀態中相互交流[34][35][36]。匿名者通常習慣帶上福克斯面具隱藏身份[37][38][39]。在早期,成員們通常會在線上社群約定一些無強制力目標,主要是娛樂方面,或一些惡作劇。然而,2008年,匿名者發起「Project Chanology」行動,抗議、惡作劇和駭客攻擊對抗山達基教會,從此聲名大噪。自此,匿名者參與更多與國際問題有關的駭客行動。

DkD[||

2003年3月,法國激進駭客DkD[||遭中央打擊網絡犯罪辦公室(OCLCTIC)逮捕。 DkD[|| 破壞超過2千個頁面,其中許多是政府和美國軍事網站。里爾地區司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 稱這名駭客為「法國頭號激進駭客」。[40]

出於其政治觀點,DkD[|| 在地下世界裡是位出名的塗鴉者。對於他的逮捕,Ghost Boys 在許多navy.mil網站塗鴉了「釋放 DkD[||!!」 口號。 [41][42]

LulzSec

2011年5月,5名匿名者成員組成駭客團LulzSec,因在成立2個月內發起的「反安全小組行動」(英語:Operation AntiSec)而聲名大噪。名稱來自「笑」(英語:lulz)與安全(英語:security)的混生語。 [43] 5名成員為"Sabu"、"Kayla"、"T-Flow"、"Topiary"、"AVUnit"與"Pwnsauce"。[44]

參見

參考

註腳

  1. ^ THE “ANONYMOUS” MOVEMENT: HACKTIVISM AS AN EMERGING FORM OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION (PDF). [2017-07-05]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-10-19). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  2. ^ Hackers take down thousands of 'dark web' sites, post private data. NBC News. [2017-02-27]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-27) (英語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  3. ^ Milone, Mark. Hactivism: Securing the National Infrastructure. The Business Lawyer. 2002, 58 (1): 383–413. JSTOR 40688127. 
  4. ^ Peter Krapp, "Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture", University of Minnesota Press 2011. ISBN 978-0-8166-7625-5. 網際網路檔案館存檔,存檔日期2013-05-23..
  5. ^ George, Jordana J.; Leidner, Dorothy E. From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 2019-09-01, 29 (3): 100249. ISSN 1471-7727. doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 
  6. ^ Menn, Joseph. New wave of 'hacktivism' adds twist to cybersecurity woes. Reuters. March 25, 2021. (原始內容存檔於Jul 9, 2023). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  7. ^ "National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States of America 2020-2022頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)", Director of National Intelligence.
  8. ^ Logan, Jason. Take the Skinheads Bowling. InfoNation (Minneapolis). November 1995 [3 June 2019]. (原始內容存檔於7 February 1997). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  9. ^ Webber, Craig; Yip, Michael. The Rise of Chinese Cyber Warriors: Towards a Theoretical Model of Online Hacktivism (PDF). International Journal of Cyber Criminology. June 2018, 12 (1): 230 [2020-07-13]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-06-21). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  10. ^ Shantz, Jeff; Tomblin, Jordon. Cyber Disobedience: Re://Presenting Online Anarchy. John Hunt Publishing. 2014-11-28. ISBN 9781782795551. (原始內容存檔於2015-11-16). 
  11. ^ Mills, Elinor. Old-time hacktivists: Anonymous, you've crossed the line. CNet. 30 March 2012 [3 June 2019]. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  12. ^ The Hacktivismo FAQ v1.0(CDC)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  13. ^ Peter Ludlow "What is a 'Hacktivist'?" 網際網路檔案館存檔,存檔日期2013-05-21. The New York Times. January 2013.
  14. ^ Jordon, Tomblin. The Rehearsal and Performance of Lawful Access. curve.carleton.ca. 2015-01-01 [2016-01-16]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-03). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  15. ^ Cardoso, Gustavo; Jacobetty, Pedro. Surfing the Crisis: Cultures of Belonging and Networked Social Change. Castells, Manuel; Caraça, João; Cardoso, Gustavo (編). Aftermath: The Cultures of the Economic Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012: 177–209. ISBN 9780199658411. WikiLeaks is also based on an openness culture, as it is a crowd-sourced, crowd-funded non-profit organization operating internationally. 
  16. ^ Pogrebna, Ganna; Skilton, Mark. Navigating New Cyber Risks: How Businesses Can Plan, Build and Manage Safe Spaces in the Digital Age. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan. 2019: 2. ISBN 9783030135270. S2CID 197966404. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13527-0. WikiLeaks is an international non profit organization that receives and subsequently shares on its website confidential documents from large organizations or governments. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  17. ^ Braccini, Alessio Maria; Federici, Tommaso. New Internet-Based Relationships Between Citizens. Baskerville, Richard; De Marco, Marco; Spagnoletti, Paolo (編). Designing Organizational Systems: An Interdisciplinary Discourse. Berlin: Springer Nature. 2013: 157–179. ISBN 978-3-642-33370-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33371-2. Julian Assange had introduced a new term into the lexicon of several generations. This term was 'WikiLeaks' and described an international non-profit organisation, committed to publishing secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  18. ^ Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks; Thomas, Ryan J. When Old and New Media Collide: The Case of WikiLeaks. New Media & Society (SAGE Publishing). June 2014, 16 (4): 541–558. S2CID 30711318. doi:10.1177/1461444813489504. WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 as an international non-profit organization specializing in the publication of 'classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance' obtained via anonymous sources 
  19. ^ Dodds, Klaus J. The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables. Polar Record (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 2012, 48 (2): 199–201. Bibcode:2012PoRec..48..199D. S2CID 129682201. doi:10.1017/S003224741100043X. With a keen sense of timing, given the Greenlandic and Danish governments' hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting, seven 'sensitive' US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers 
  20. ^ Benkler, Yochai. A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate. Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review (Cambridge: Harvard Law School). 2011, 46 (2): 311–397 –透過Harvard Library. Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation. A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system... Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency-focused organizations, Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct, documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others, professional and otherwise, can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  21. ^ Fuchs, Christian. WikiLeaks: Can We Make Power Transparent?. Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. 2014: 210–233. ISBN 978-1-4462-5730-2. WikiLeaks (www.wikileaks.org) is a non-commercial and non-profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006. Julian Assange founded it. It is funded by online donations. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  22. ^ Beckett, Charlie. Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era. Cambridge: Wiley. 2012: 26. ISBN 978-0-745-65975-6. WikiLeaks is independent of commercial, corporate, government or lobbygroup control or ownership. It is a non-membership, non-profit organisation funded by donations 
  23. ^ Flesher Fominaya, Cristina. Social Movements in a Globalized World Second. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020: 177. ISBN 9781352009347. As a non-profit organization, Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations, which were subsequently blocked by PayPal, Mastercard, a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity, a troubling example of 'the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality, and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra-legal public-private partnership for censorship'. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  24. ^ Daly, Angela. The Privatization of the Internet, WikiLeaks and Free Expression. International Journal of Communication (Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press). 2014, 8: 2693–2703. SSRN 2496707  –透過European University Institute. In late 2010, the online nonprofit media organization WikiLeaks published classified documents detailing correspondence between the U.S. State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world, numbering around 250,000 cables. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  25. ^ [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
  26. ^ WikiLeaks. The New York Times. [17 April 2022]. (原始內容存檔於30 January 2016).  Archive.is存檔,存檔日期2012-09-16
  27. ^ McGreal, Chris. Wikileaks reveals video showing US air crew shooting down Iraqi civilians. The Guardian (London). 5 April 2010 [15 December 2010]. (原始內容存檔於26 June 2011). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  28. ^ WikiLeaks names one-time spokesman as editor-in-chief. Associated Press. [26 September 2018] (美國英語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  29. ^ Bridge, Mark. Loss of internet forces Assange to step down from Wikileaks editor role . The Times. 27 September 2018 [11 April 2019]. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  30. ^ WikiLeaks' Website Is Falling Apart. Gizmodo. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] (英語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  31. ^ Thalen, Mikael. Millions of documents disappear from WikiLeaks as site completely breaks down. The Daily Dot. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] (美國英語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  32. ^ Burgess, Matt. Apple Tracks You More Than You Think. Wired. [24 December 2022]. ISSN 1059-1028 (美國英語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  33. ^ HDblog.it. WikiLeaks è in grave difficoltà: sito a malapena online, leak ormai assenti. HDblog.it. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] (it-it). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  34. ^ 存档副本. [2016-02-19]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-14). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  35. ^ Landers, Chris. Serious Business: Anonymous Takes On Scientology (and Doesn't Afraid of Anything). Baltimore City Paper. April 2, 2008 [July 3, 2008]. (原始內容存檔於2008年6月8日). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  36. ^ Oltsik, Jon. Edward Snowden Beyond Data Security. Network World. December 3, 2013 [December 4, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2014-04-07). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  37. ^ Waites, Rosie. V for Vendetta masks: Who. BBC News. October 20, 2011 [October 20, 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2012-01-21). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  38. ^ John S. Forrester, Dozens of masked protesters blast Scientology church. Web-based foes guard IDs, assert risk of retribution, The Boston Globe, 11 February 2008 [2016-02-19], (原始內容存檔於2016-03-03) 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  39. ^ Kwek, Glenda. V for vague: Occupy Sydney's faceless leaders. The Sydney Morning Herald Times. October 14, 2011 [2012-07-20]. (原始內容存檔於2012-06-22). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  40. ^ Antson, Franck. Arrestation du " hacker " le plus recherché de France. leparisien.fr. 2003-07-09 [2021-05-05] (法語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  41. ^ DKD[|| Officially stopped. www.zone-h.org. [2019-03-10]. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  42. ^ Arrestation du " hacker " le plus recherché de France. 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  43. ^ Arthur, Charles. LulzSec: what they did, who they were and how they were caught. The Guardian. 2013-05-16 [2016-10-20]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始內容存檔於2016-10-14) (英國英語). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  44. ^ Gilbert, David. LulzSec Reunited: Anonymous Hackers Meet for the First Time in Real Life. International Business Times UK. 2014-09-30 [2016-10-21]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-24). 頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館

延伸閱讀

外部連結