絕跡語言
不再有人以之作為母語的語言
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 |
絕跡語言(英語:Extinct language),又稱死语言、滅絕語言、灭亡语言、死語,指一種已經不再有人以之作為母語的語言。
根據估計,每兩星期就有一種人類的語言滅亡,變成絕跡語言。[1]
但在一些特殊情況中,某些国家需藉助之前已滅亡国家的名义來保持自己的勢力及合法性,此时与该灭亡国家有關的绝迹語言就得以持續被使用在科學、律法、宗教等各種方面,从而保存下來,並繼續以非母語的方式使用。
拉丁語與古希臘語被用來造科學方面的新詞,而其他如古教會斯拉夫語、阿維斯陀語、科普特語及吉茲語等則仍然用於宗教或文学作品中。
其他有些組織則會為了特定情境、文化的氣氛營造,而偶爾使用這些絕跡語言,例如美國童軍就會在他們一個童軍儀式「聖箭盟」裡使用一種北美印地安人的絕跡語言倫尼萊納佩語。[2][3][4]
示例
语言:最后母语者、时间
列表
參見
来源
- ^ Thomas H. Maugh II. Researchers say a language disappears every two weeks. Los Angeles Times. 2007-09-19 [2018-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-25).
- ^ Charles Kader. Boy Scouts Playing Indians. Indian Country Today. 2015-08-26 [2018-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-06).
- ^ The Vigil Honor. Cowikee Lodge. [2018-06-06]. 原始内容存档于2009-03-06.
- ^ Bill Spencer. Is the Boy Scouts’ Order of the Arrow appropriating Native American culture?. Quora. 2017-03-12 [2018-06-06].
- ^ When nobody understands. The Economist. 2008-10-23 [2008-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-24).
The electronic age drives some languages out of existence, but can help save others
參考文獻
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
- Brenzinger, Matthias(ed.,1992) Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013404-9.
- Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-74624-5.
- Davis, Wade. (2009). The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 0-88784-766-8.
- Nancy Dorian (1978). Fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. Language, 54(3),590-609.
- Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7785-6.
- Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth(eds.,1977) Language death (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
- Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. Language, 62(2),291-319.
- Sasse, Hans-Jürgen(1992)'Theory of language death', in Brenzinger(ed.)Language Death, pp. 7–30.
- Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language, 75(3),486-521.
- Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
- Sharp, Joanne. (2008). Chapter 6: Can the Subaltern Speak?, in Geographies of Postcolonialism. Glasgow, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4129-0779-8.
- Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3468-0.
- Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. (1991). Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07893-4.
- Timmons Roberts, J. & Hite, Amy. (2000). From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21097-9.