Help:旁遮普语国际音标

下列图表展示了国际音标(IPA)在维基百科条目中表示旁遮普語发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南,请参见{{IPA-pa}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes

请参阅旁遮普語古木基文夏木基文英语Shahmukhi alphabet以更全面地了解旁遮普语的发音。

辅音
IPA 示例 英语中的近似发音
古木基文 夏木基文英语Shahmukhi alphabet ISO 15919
b ਬੂਹਾ
ਸਭ
بوہا
سَبھ
būhā
sabh
butter
ਦਿੱਤਾ دِتّا dittā duck[1]

then

d͡ʒ ਜਦੋਂ
ਮਾਝ
جدوں
ماجھ
jadōṁ
jh
jug
ɖ ਡੰਗਰ
ਕੱਢ
ڈَنگر
کڈھ
aṅgar
kaḍḍh
guard[1]

(卷舌音方言)

ɡ ਗੱਡੀ گڈّی gaḍḍī gut
ɦ ਹਾਏ ہائے hāē ahead
j[a] ਯਾਰੀ یاری yārī yuck
k ਕਿੱਥੇ
ਘਰ
کِتّھے
گھر
kitthē
ghar
scab
[b] ਖੰਡ کھنڈ khaṇḍ cab
l ਉਲਾਂਭਾ الانبھا ulāṉbhā leaf
ɭ[c] ਰੌਲ਼ਾ رَوࣇا rauā garlic

(卷舌音方言)

m ਮਸੀਤ مسِیت masīt much
n ਨੂਹ نُوہ nūh panther
ɳ[c] ਸੋਹਣਾ سوہݨا sōhā burn
ɲ ਉਂਜ اُنج uñj canyon
ŋ ਕੰਗਣ کنگݨ kagaṇ bang
p ਪਰ
ਭਰਿਆ
پَر
بھریا
par
bhariyā
spot
[b] ਫੁੱਲ پُھلّ‎ phull pot
ɾ[d] ਵਾਰੀ واری rī American atom[2]
ɽ ਕੂੜ کُوڑ garter (卷舌音方言)
s ਸਾਡਾ ساڈا sāḍā sun
ਤਿੱਲੜ
ਧੀ
تِلّڑ
دھی
tillaṛ
dhī
stub but dental[1]

think

t̪ʰ ਓਥੇ اوتھے ōthē tub but dental[1]
t͡ʃ ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ
ਝੂਠ
چڑھدا
جُھوٹھ
caṛhdā
jhūṭh
catch
t͡ʃʰ[b] ਛੱਡ چھڈّ‎ chaḍḍ choose
ʈ ਸੱਟ
ਢੀਠ
سٹّ
ڈِھیٹھ
saṭṭa
ḍhīṭh
carts[1]
ʈʰ ਕਾਠ کاٹھ ṭh trip[1]
ʋ[e] ਵਹੁਟੀ وَہُٹی vahuṭī vat[3]
边缘辅音
f[f][b] ਫ਼ੇਰ فیر fēr fuss
ɣ[f] ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ کاغَذ ġaz 近似法语r
q[f] ਕ਼ਲਮ قلَم qalam 近似caught
r[d] ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰ مُقرّر muqarrar 颤音r,近似卡斯蒂利亚西班牙语
ʃ[f][g] ਹੋਸ਼ ہوش ś shoe
x[f][b] ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸ خالِص k͟hālis 蘇格蘭英語 Loch
z[f] ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ہزار hazār zoo
ʒ[f][h] ਅਝ਼ਦਹਾ اژدہا aždahā fusion
元音
IPA 示例 英语中的近似发音
古木基文 夏木基文英语Shahmukhi alphabet ISO 15919
ə ਕਮ کم kam about
ਨਾਲ਼ ناࣇ nā father
e ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ واہِگرو wāhiguru say (短ē)
ਜੇਬ جیب jēb say
ɛ ਮੈਨੂੰ مینوں mainū̃ pen[5]
ɛː ਪੈਂਦਾ پَیندا painda fairy
ɪ ਇਮਲੀ اِملی imalī sit
ਈਖ اِیکھ īkh seat
i ਕੀਤੀ کیتی kītī happy[5][6]
o ਉਹਨਾਂ اوہناں uhnā̃ gold (标准英音) go (美式英语)[5][7][5]
ਕਰੋੜ کروڑ karō border (标准英音) goal (美式英语)
ɔ ਔਖਾ اَوکھا aukhā hard (美式英语) dog (标准英音) horse (美式英语)[5]
ɔː ਕੌਣ کَوݨ kau roar (标准英音) horse (美式英语)
ʊ ਤੁਕ تُک tuk book
ਸੂਤ سُوت sūt moon[6]
u ਦੂਜਾ دُوجا dū moon[5]
◌̃ ਬਾਂਸ بان٘س s 鼻音 faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
ਮੈਂ میں mai
超音段
IPA 示例 注释
ˈ◌ /pənˈdʒaːb/ 重音
(位于重读音节之前)
◌ː /ˈkəʈːaː/ 双辅音
(位于双辅音之后)
á, é, ... ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ کوڑھاkoṛhā 'leper' 調或高调
à, è, ... ਘੋੜਾ گھوڑاghoṛā 'horse' 降调或低调

注释

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Punjabi contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
  2. ^ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).
  3. ^ [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when / و‎/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
  4. ^ Bhardwaj, Mangat. Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. 25 August 2016: 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5 (English). Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Long vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 /iː/ and /uː/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.
  7. ^ In Gurmukhi, ih and uh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.
  1. ^ In some dialects, word-initial and intervocalic /j/ is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ (only in native words), equivalent to Devanagari .
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 In some dialects, the voiceless aspirates //, /t͡ʃʰ/ and // shift into fricatives /f/, /ɕ/ and /x/ respectively.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Often considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill [rː].
  5. ^ In some dialects, /ʋ/ can shift to /b/ (only in native words). This is more common word-initially.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the Nuqta - unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letters from Persian (derived from the Arabic script) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech.[4] In rural dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /g/; /f/ with //; /q/ with /k/; /ʃ/ with /s/; /x/ with //; and /z, ʒ/ with /d͡ʒ/. In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g. phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ / فیرfer, supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ / سُفناsufnā, rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ / راخشrāk͟haś.
  7. ^ /ʃ/ is considered a native sound in Lahnda dialects and Western Majhi, used in words like śī̃h which otherwise would become sī̃h.
  8. ^ The sound /ʒ/ in Punjabi is very rare so most speakers do not pronounce it correctly (especially in India as Gurmukhi lacks a standard symbol to represent it) and opt to replace it with /d͡ʒ/, /z/ or even /s/.