SHRDLU
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SHRDLU是由特里·威诺格拉德于1968年至1970年在麻省理工学院开发的一种早期的自然语言理解计算机程序 。在该程式中，用户可以与电脑对话，对这种精简的“ 积木世界”的内部状态进行移动物体、命名集合、查询等操作（积木世界本质上是一个虚拟盒子，内部充满了不同积木）。[1]
| 原作者 | 特里·威诺格拉德 |
|---|---|
| 首次发布 | 1968 |
| 编程语言 | Micro Planner, LISP |
| 操作系统 | PDP-6 |
| 平台 | DEC |
| 类型 | 自然语言理解 |
SHRDLU是以Micro Planner和Lisp编程语言在DEC PDP-6电脑和DEC图形终端上编写而成 。 后来在犹他大学的计算机图形实验室进行了补充，加入了对SHRDLU“世界”的完整3D渲染。
名称“SHRDLU”衍生自ETAOIN SHRDLU， ETAOIN SHRDLU是Linotype排字机上字母键配置，也就是照字母使用频率，以降序方式排列的12个字母序列。
功能
SHRDLU主要是一种语言解析器，它允许用户使用英语术语进行互动 。 用户指示SHRDLU在“积木世界”中移动各种物体，包含各种基本物体：积木（块体）、锥体、球体等。 SHRDLU的独特之处在于将四个简单想法的组合起来，这些想法加总在一起，使得在对“理解力”的模拟上，更具说服力。
其中一个原因是，SHRDLU的世界非常简单，以致于整个物体和位置的集合可以透过大约50个单词来描述：名词如"积木"（block）和"锥体"（cone），动词如"放置在"（place on）和"移动到"（move to），以及形容词如"巨大的"（big）和"蓝色的"（blue）。这些基本的语言建筑模块的可能组合相当简单，程式完全有办法弄懂用户的意思。
SHRDLU还包括一个基本记忆体来提供语境。人们可以要求SHRDLU“把绿锥放在红块上”，然后“把锥子拿下来”；“锥体”会被认为是指刚才说的绿锥。在大多数情况下，当提供了额外的形容词时，SHRDLU可以透过互动进一步回溯寻找合适的语境。用户也可以问一些历史问题，比如“在捡到锥体之前，你有没有捡过任何东西？”
这种记忆体的附带效果，也是SHRDLU标准配置的基本规则，即该程式可以回答关于世界上什么问题是可能的，什么问题是不可能的。SHRDLU会透过寻找例子推断出积木可以堆叠，但在尝试过三角形后，会了解到三角形不能堆叠。“世界”包含了使积木掉落的基本物理机制 ，而这与语言解析器无关。
最后，SHRDLU还可以记住物体的名称或它们的排列方式。例如，人们可以说 "尖塔是一个高大的长方形上面的小三角形"；SHRDLU就可以回答积木世界中关于尖塔的问题，并建造新的尖塔。
选录
这是SHRDLU的著名演示： [2]
- 人：Pick up a big red block.
- 电脑： OK.
- 人：Grasp the pyramid.
- 电脑：I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHICH PYRAMID YOU MEAN.
- 人：(changing their mind): Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box.
- 电脑：BY "IT", I ASSUME YOU MEAN THE BLOCK WHICH IS TALLER THAN THE ONE I AM HOLDING.
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：What does the box contain?
- 电脑：THE BLUE PYRAMID AND THE BLUE BLOCK.
- 人: What is the pyramid supported by?
- 电脑：THE BOX.
- 人：How many blocks are not in the box?
- 电脑：FOUR OF THEM.
- 人：Is at least one of them narrower than the one which i told you to pick up?
- 电脑：YES, THE RED CUBE.
- 人：Is it supported?
- 电脑：YES, BY THE TABLE.
- 人：Can the table pick up blocks?
- 电脑：NO.
- 人：Can a pyramid be supported by a block?
- 电脑：YES.
- 人：Can a pyramid support a pyramid?
- 电脑：I DON'T KNOW.
- 人：Stack up two pyramids.
- 电脑：I CAN'T.
- 人：Will you please stack up both of the red blocks and either a green cube or a pyramid?
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：Which cube is sitting on the table?
- 电脑：THE LARGE GREEN ONE WHICH SUPPORTS THE RED PYRAMID.
- 人：Is there a large block behind a pyramid?
- 电脑：YES, THREE OF THEM: A LARGE RED ONE, A LARGE GREEN CUBE, AND THE BLUE ONE.
- 人：Put a small one onto the green cube which supports a pyramid.
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：Put the littlest pyramid on top of it.
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：Does the shortest thing the tallest pyramid's support supports support anything green?
- 电脑：YES, THE GREEN PYRAMID.
- 人：What color is it?
- 电脑：BY "IT", I ASSUME YOU MEAN THE SHORTEST THING THE TALLEST PYRAMID'S SUPPORT SUPPORTS.
- 电脑：RED
- 人：How many things are on top of green cubes?
- 电脑：I'M NOT SURE WHAT YOU MEAN BY "ON TOP OF "IN THE PHRASE "ON TOP OF GREEN CUBES " .
- DO YOU MEAN:
- 1 - DIRECTLY ON THE SURFACE
- 2 - ANWHERE ON TOP OF ?
- 人：2
- 电脑：THREE OF THEM.
- 人：Had you touched any pyramid before you put the green one on the little cube?
- 电脑：YES, THE GREEN ONE.
- 人：When did you pick it up?
- 电脑：WHILE I WAS STACKING UP THE RED CUBE, A LARGE RED BLOCK AND A LARGE GREEN CUBE.
- 人：Why?
- 电脑：TO GET RID OF IT.
- 人：Why did you do that?
- 电脑：TO CLEAN OFF THE RED CUBE.
- 人：Why did you clear off that cube?
- 电脑：TO PUT IT ON A LARGE GREEN CUBE.
- 人：Why did you do that?
- 电脑: TO STACK UP THE RED CUBE , A LARGE RED BLOCK AND A LARGE GREEN CUBE.
- 人：Why did you do that?
- 电脑：BECAUSE YOU ASKED ME TO.
- 人：How did you do it?
- 电脑：BY PUTTING A LARGE RED BLOCK ON THE TABLE ; THEN LETTING GO OF IT ; THEN PUTTING A LARGE GREEN CUBE ON IT ; THEN LETTING GO OF THAT CUBE ; THEN PUTTING THE RED CUBE ON THAT CUBE; THEN LETTING GO OF THAT CUBE.
- 人：How many objects did you touch while you were doing it?
- 电脑：FOUR OF THEM.
- 人：What did the red cube support before you started to clean it off?
- 电脑：THE GREEN PYRAMID.
- 人：There were five blocks to the left of the box then.
- 电脑：NO, ONLY FOUR OF THEM: THE RED CUBE, TWO LARGE GREEN CUBES AND A LARGE RED BLOCK.
- 人：Put the blue pyramid on the block in the box.
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：Is there anything which is bigger than every pyramid but is not as wide as the thing that supports it?
- 电脑：YES, THE BLUE BLOCK.
- 人：Does a steeple
- 电脑 (interrupting)：SORRY, I DON'T KNOW THE WORD "STEEPLE".
- 人：A "steeple" is a stack which contains two green cubes and a pyramid.
- 电脑：I UNDERSTAND.
- 人：Are there any steeples now?
- 电脑：NO.
- 人：Build one.
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：Call the biggest block "superblock".
- 电脑：OK.
- 人：Have you picked superblock up since we began?
- 电脑：YES.
- 人：Why did you drop it?
- 电脑：BY "IT", I ASSUME YOU MEAN THE SUPERBLOCK.
- I CAN'T EXPLAIN A NON-EXISTENT EVENT.
- 人：Is there anything to the right of the red pyramid?
- 电脑：YES, FOUR THINGS: THE BOX , THE RED CUBE, THE BLUE PYRAMID AND THE BLOCK NAMED SUPERBLOCK
- 人：Thank you.
- 电脑：YOU'RE WELCOME!
影响
SHRDLU被认为是人工智能一次极其成功的演示。这导致其他AI研究人员过分乐观，但后来的系统试图处理现实中的更具模糊性和复杂性的情况时[来源请求]，这种乐观情绪很快就消失了。后续与SHRDLU同型的工作（例如Cyc ）则倾向于专注为程式提供更加丰富的资讯，借此从中获得结论。
尽管不是有意为之，但是SHRDLU被认为是文字冒险游戏第一个已知的正式实例，这是因为用户能够以简单的指令在虚拟环境中移动物体来进行互动，尽管缺乏了常见于文字冒险游戏中特有的故事叙述。 1976-1977年的游戏《巨洞冒险》被广泛认为是文字冒险游戏的第一个真正作品。 [3]
参见
参考文献
- ^ Winograd, Terry. Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language. 1971-01-01 （美国英语）.
- ^ SHRDLU. Stanford Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Group. （原始内容存档于2020-08-16）.
- ^ Montfort, Nick. Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 2003: 84–85. ISBN 0-262-13436-5.
- Terry Winograd, "Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language"（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, MIT AI Technical Report 235, February 1971
- Understanding Natural Language by T. Winograd, Academic Press, 1972