SHRDLU是由特里·威諾格拉德於1968年至1970年在麻省理工學院開發的一種早期的自然語言理解電腦程式 。在該程式中,用戶可以與電腦對話,對這種精簡的「 積木世界」的內部狀態進行移動物體、命名集合、查詢等操作(積木世界本質上是一個虛擬盒子,內部充滿了不同積木)。[1]

SHRDLU
原作者特里·威諾格拉德
首次發佈1968
程式語言Micro Planner, LISP
作業系統PDP-6
平台DEC
類型自然語言理解

SHRDLU是以Micro PlannerLisp程式語言DEC PDP-6電腦和DEC圖形終端上編寫而成 。 後來在猶他大學計算機圖形實驗室進行了補充,加入了對SHRDLU「世界」的完整3D渲染。

名稱「SHRDLU」衍生自ETAOIN SHRDLU, ETAOIN SHRDLU是Linotype排字機上字母鍵配置,也就是照字母使用頻率,以降序方式排列的12個字母序列。

功能

SHRDLU主要是一種語言解析器,它允許用戶使用英語術語進行互動 。 用戶指示SHRDLU在「積木世界」中移動各種物體,包含各種基本物體:積木(塊體)、錐體、球體等。 SHRDLU的獨特之處在於將四個簡單想法的組合起來,這些想法加總在一起,使得在對「理解力」的模擬上,更具說服力。

其中一個原因是,SHRDLU的世界非常簡單,以致於整個物體和位置的集合可以透過大約50個單詞來描述:名詞如"積木"(block)和"錐體"(cone),動詞如"放置在"(place on)和"移動到"(move to),以及形容詞如"巨大的"(big)和"藍色的"(blue)。這些基本的語言建築模塊的可能組合相當簡單,程式完全有辦法弄懂用戶的意思。

SHRDLU還包括一個基本記憶體來提供語境。人們可以要求SHRDLU「把綠錐放在紅塊上」,然後「把錐子拿下來」;「錐體」會被認為是指剛才說的綠錐。在大多數情況下,當提供了額外的形容詞時,SHRDLU可以透過互動進一步回溯尋找合適的語境。用戶也可以問一些歷史問題,比如「在撿到錐體之前,你有沒有撿過任何東西?」

這種記憶體的附帶效果,也是SHRDLU標准配置的基本規則,即該程式可以回答關於世界上什麼問題是可能的,什麼問題是不可能的。SHRDLU會透過尋找例子推斷出積木可以堆疊,但在嘗試過三角形後,會了解到三角形不能堆疊。「世界」包含了使積木掉落的基本物理機制 ,而這與語言解析器無關。

最後,SHRDLU還可以記住物體的名稱或它們的排列方式。例如,人們可以說 "尖塔是一個高大的長方形上面的小三角形";SHRDLU就可以回答積木世界中關於尖塔的問題,並建造新的尖塔。

選錄

這是SHRDLU的著名演示: [2]

人:Pick up a big red block.
電腦: OK.
人:Grasp the pyramid.
電腦:I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHICH PYRAMID YOU MEAN.
人:(changing their mind): Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box.
電腦:BY "IT", I ASSUME YOU MEAN THE BLOCK WHICH IS TALLER THAN THE ONE I AM HOLDING.
電腦:OK.
人:What does the box contain?
電腦:THE BLUE PYRAMID AND THE BLUE BLOCK.
人: What is the pyramid supported by?
電腦:THE BOX.
人:How many blocks are not in the box?
電腦:FOUR OF THEM.
人:Is at least one of them narrower than the one which i told you to pick up?
電腦:YES, THE RED CUBE.
人:Is it supported?
電腦:YES, BY THE TABLE.
人:Can the table pick up blocks?
電腦:NO.
人:Can a pyramid be supported by a block?
電腦:YES.
人:Can a pyramid support a pyramid?
電腦:I DON'T KNOW.
人:Stack up two pyramids.
電腦:I CAN'T.
人:Will you please stack up both of the red blocks and either a green cube or a pyramid?
電腦:OK.
人:Which cube is sitting on the table?
電腦:THE LARGE GREEN ONE WHICH SUPPORTS THE RED PYRAMID.
人:Is there a large block behind a pyramid?
電腦:YES, THREE OF THEM: A LARGE RED ONE, A LARGE GREEN CUBE, AND THE BLUE ONE.
人:Put a small one onto the green cube which supports a pyramid.
電腦:OK.
人:Put the littlest pyramid on top of it.
電腦:OK.
人:Does the shortest thing the tallest pyramid's support supports support anything green?
電腦:YES, THE GREEN PYRAMID.
人:What color is it?
電腦:BY "IT", I ASSUME YOU MEAN THE SHORTEST THING THE TALLEST PYRAMID'S SUPPORT SUPPORTS.
電腦:RED
人:How many things are on top of green cubes?
電腦:I'M NOT SURE WHAT YOU MEAN BY "ON TOP OF "IN THE PHRASE "ON TOP OF GREEN CUBES " .
DO YOU MEAN:
1 - DIRECTLY ON THE SURFACE
2 - ANWHERE ON TOP OF ?
人:2
電腦:THREE OF THEM.
人:Had you touched any pyramid before you put the green one on the little cube?
電腦:YES, THE GREEN ONE.
人:When did you pick it up?
電腦:WHILE I WAS STACKING UP THE RED CUBE, A LARGE RED BLOCK AND A LARGE GREEN CUBE.
人:Why?
電腦:TO GET RID OF IT.
人:Why did you do that?
電腦:TO CLEAN OFF THE RED CUBE.
人:Why did you clear off that cube?
電腦:TO PUT IT ON A LARGE GREEN CUBE.
人:Why did you do that?
電腦: TO STACK UP THE RED CUBE , A LARGE RED BLOCK AND A LARGE GREEN CUBE.
人:Why did you do that?
電腦:BECAUSE YOU ASKED ME TO.
人:How did you do it?
電腦:BY PUTTING A LARGE RED BLOCK ON THE TABLE ; THEN LETTING GO OF IT ; THEN PUTTING A LARGE GREEN CUBE ON IT ; THEN LETTING GO OF THAT CUBE ; THEN PUTTING THE RED CUBE ON THAT CUBE; THEN LETTING GO OF THAT CUBE.
人:How many objects did you touch while you were doing it?
電腦:FOUR OF THEM.
人:What did the red cube support before you started to clean it off?
電腦:THE GREEN PYRAMID.
人:There were five blocks to the left of the box then.
電腦:NO, ONLY FOUR OF THEM: THE RED CUBE, TWO LARGE GREEN CUBES AND A LARGE RED BLOCK.
人:Put the blue pyramid on the block in the box.
電腦:OK.
人:Is there anything which is bigger than every pyramid but is not as wide as the thing that supports it?
電腦:YES, THE BLUE BLOCK.
人:Does a steeple
電腦 (interrupting):SORRY, I DON'T KNOW THE WORD "STEEPLE".
人:A "steeple" is a stack which contains two green cubes and a pyramid.
電腦:I UNDERSTAND.
人:Are there any steeples now?
電腦:NO.
人:Build one.
電腦:OK.
人:Call the biggest block "superblock".
電腦:OK.
人:Have you picked superblock up since we began?
電腦:YES.
人:Why did you drop it?
電腦:BY "IT", I ASSUME YOU MEAN THE SUPERBLOCK.
I CAN'T EXPLAIN A NON-EXISTENT EVENT.
人:Is there anything to the right of the red pyramid?
電腦:YES, FOUR THINGS: THE BOX , THE RED CUBE, THE BLUE PYRAMID AND THE BLOCK NAMED SUPERBLOCK
人:Thank you.
電腦:YOU'RE WELCOME!

影響

SHRDLU被認為是人工智能一次極其成功的演示。這導致其他AI研究人員過分樂觀,但後來的系統試圖處理現實中的更具模糊性和複雜性的情況時[來源請求],這種樂觀情緒很快就消失了。後續與SHRDLU同型的工作(例如Cyc )則傾向於專注為程式提供更加豐富的資訊,藉此從中獲得結論。

儘管不是有意為之,但是SHRDLU被認為是文字冒險遊戲第一個已知的正式實例,這是因為用戶能夠以簡單的指令在虛擬環境中移動物體來進行互動,儘管缺乏了常見於文字冒險遊戲中特有的故事敘述。 1976-1977年的遊戲《巨洞冒險》被廣泛認為是文字冒險遊戲的第一個真正作品。 [3]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Winograd, Terry. Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language. 1971-01-01 (美國英語). 
  2. ^ SHRDLU. Stanford Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Group. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-16). 
  3. ^ Montfort, Nick. Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 2003: 84–85. ISBN 0-262-13436-5. 

外部連結