氯乙醛是一种有机化合物,结构式ClCH2CHO。它是无色具刺鼻辛辣气味的液体,也是强亲电试剂和危险的烷基化试剂。氯乙醛通常不以无水物存在,而是以半缩水合醛(ClCH2CH(OH))2O形式存在。它可用于有机合成。

氯乙醛
IUPAC名
Chloroacetaldehyde
系统名
Chloroethanal
别名 一氯代乙醛,一氯乙醛,2-氯乙醛
识别
CAS号 107-20-0  checkY
34789-09-8(水合物)  checkY
PubChem 33
ChemSpider 32
SMILES
 
  • C(C=O)Cl
InChI
 
  • 1S/C2H3ClO/c3-1-2-4/h2H,1H2
InChIKey QSKPIOLLBIHNAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
EINECS 203-472-8
性质
化学式 C2H3ClO
摩尔质量 78.50 g·mol⁻¹
外观 无色液体[1]
气味 辛辣,有穿透性[2]
密度 1.19 g/cm3[1]
熔点 -16.3 °C(257 K)([1]
沸点 85-86 °C(358-359 K)([1][3][5]
溶解性 443 g/L[1][3]
溶解性 可溶于有机溶剂[3]
折光度n
D
() 1.397[4]
危险性
警示术语 R:R24/25-R26-R34-R40-R50[6]
安全术语 S:S26-S28-S36/37/39-S45-S61[6]
欧盟分类
剧毒剧毒 T+
危害环境危害环境N
[6]
主要危害 烷化剂
闪点 87.78 °C[4]
PEL C 1 ppm(3 mg/m3[7]
致死量或浓度:
LD50中位剂量
89 mg/kg(大鼠,口服)
82 mg/kg(小鼠,口服)[8]
LC50中位浓度
200 ppm(大鼠,1小时)[9]
相关物质
相关化学品 氯乙醇
氯乙酸
二氯乙醛
三氯乙醛
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

氯乙醛是抗肿瘤药异环磷酰胺的代谢产物,被认为是异环磷酰胺某些毒性的来源。[10]氯乙醛也是氯乙烯1,2-二氯乙烷的代谢产物。[11]它会腐蚀粘膜及刺激眼睛、皮肤和呼吸道。[2]

制备

乙醛三聚乙醛氯化能得到氯乙醛[2]。反应也会产生二氯乙醛三氯乙醛[12],而这三者都是乙烯通过瓦克尔法转化成乙醛时产生的副产物。[12]无水氯乙醛可由高碘酸盐氧化3-氯-1,2-丙二醇而成。[5][13]氯乙醛还能通过氯乙烯氯水的反应产生:[12]

ClCH=CH2 + Cl2 + H2O → ClCH2CHO + 2 HCl

除此之外,氯乙醛还可以通过一氯代碳酸乙烯酯的分解产生。[12][14]

 

反应

无水氯乙醛在室温下容易聚合成三聚体、四聚体或多聚体。[12]氯乙醛也会和水反应,生成缩醛半水合物1,1'-二羟基-2,2'-二氯乙醚。[12]这种化合物是无色晶体,熔点43-50 °C,沸点84 °C,并分解成氯乙醛和水。[12]

 

这种半水合物可被浓硫酸脱水,生成三聚氯乙醛(2,4,6-三(氯甲基)-1,3,5-三𫫇烷)。[12][15]它是无色晶体,熔点88–89 °C。[12]

 

半水合物通过共沸蒸馏脱水得到的是四聚氯乙醛(2,4,6,8-四(氯甲基)-1,3,5,7-四氧杂环辛烷)。[16][12]和三聚体一样,它也是无色晶体,熔点65–67 °C。[12]

 

硝酸过氧化氢等氧化剂氧化氯乙醛可以得到氯乙酸[12]

用途

氯乙醛是有机合成原料[5],可以合成吡咯[17]呋喃[18][19]噻吩[20][21]咪唑[22][23]𫫇唑啉[24]噻唑啉英语Thiazoline[25]噻唑[26][27]吲哚[28]。此外,氯乙醛也是生产药品杀虫剂杀真菌剂消毒剂染料环氧树脂硬化剂和抗静电剂的原料。[3]它也用于去除树皮[2]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Record of Chloracetaldehyd in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA英语Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 The Merck index. S Budavari, M O'Neil, A Smith 12. Merck. 1996: 2108. ISBN 9780911910124. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Entry on Chloracetaldehyd. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved 2015-04-17.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 中国化工产品大全 上卷,Da137 (一)氯乙醛,页511
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 1999–2013, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Eintrag für Chloroacetaldehyde, abgerufen am 4. November 2015.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 氯乙醛. www.chemicalbook.com. 
  7. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. #0118. NIOSH. 
  8. ^ Chloroacetaldehyde. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2014-12-04 [2015-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-30). 
  9. ^ Chloroacetaldehyde. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 
  10. ^ Springate, James E. Ifosfamide Metabolite Chloroacetaldehyde Causes Renal Dysfunctionin vivo. Journal of Applied Toxicology (Wiley). 1997, 17 (1): 75–79. ISSN 0260-437X. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199701)17:1<75::aid-jat397>3.0.co;2-c. 
  11. ^ Proctor, Nick H.; Hughes, James P.; Hathaway, Gloria J. Proctor and Hughes' Chemical hazards of the workplace.. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. 2004. ISBN 0-471-26883-6. OCLC 53369421. 
  12. ^ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 Jira, Reinhard; Kopp, Erwin; McKusick, Blaine C.; Röderer, Gerhard; Bosch, Axel; Fleischmann, Gerald, Chloroacetaldehydes, Wiley, 2007-07-15, ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4, doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_527.pub2 
  13. ^ Hatch, Lewis F.; Alexander, Harold E. Preparation of Chloroacetaldehyde Hydrate. Journal of the American Chemical Society (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 1945, 67 (4): 688–688. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01220a504. 
  14. ^ Gross, Hans. Über ?-Halogenäther. XVI. Monochloracetaldehyd bzw. Derivate des Glykolaldehyds und Glyoxals aus ?-Halogenäthern. Journal für Praktische Chemie (Wiley). 1963, 21 (1-2): 99–102. ISSN 0021-8383. doi:10.1002/prac.19630210115 (德语). 
  15. ^ Natterer, Konrad. Über Monochloraldehyd. Monatshefte für Chemie (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). 1882, 3 (1): 442–464. ISSN 0026-9247. doi:10.1007/bf01516819 (德语). 
  16. ^ Kopp, Erwin; Smidt, Jürgen. Reaktionen mit Chloracetaldehyd und 2.4-Dichlor-crotonaldehyd. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (Wiley). 1966-05-31, 693 (1): 117–127. ISSN 0075-4617. doi:10.1002/jlac.19666930110 (德语). 
  17. ^ Quijano, M. Luisa; Nogueras, Manuel; Sánchez, Aldolfo; De Cienfuegos, Gerardo Alvarez; Melgarejo, Miguel. Synthesis, anticancer and antimicrobiological activities of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (Wiley). 1990, 27 (4): 1079–1083. ISSN 0022-152X. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570270449. 
  18. ^ Padwa, Albert; Gasdaska, John R. Generation of sulfur ylides by the desilylation of α-trimethylsilylbenzyl sulfonium salts. Tetrahedron (Elsevier BV). 1988, 44 (13): 4147–4156. ISSN 0040-4020. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86662-x. 
  19. ^ Matsumoto, Masakatsu; Watanabe, Nobuko. A Facile Synthesis of 4-Oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles. HETEROCYCLES (The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry). 1984, 22 (10): 2313. ISSN 0385-5414. doi:10.3987/r-1984-10-2313. 
  20. ^ Hirota, Kosaku; Shirahashi, Mitsuomi; Senda, Shigeo; Yogo, Motoi. Pyrimidines. 65. Synthesis of 6-substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (Wiley). 1990, 27 (3): 717–721. ISSN 0022-152X. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570270345. 
  21. ^ Aldvogel, Erwin. Synthese von 2-substituierten und 2,3-disubstituierten Alkyl- und Aryl-thiophenen und 2,3-anellierten Thiophen-Derivaten aus Ketonen als C2-Bausteine und Carbonodithiosäure-O-ethyl-S-(2-oxoethyl)ester als C2S-Baustein. Helvetica Chimica Acta (Wiley). 1992-05-06, 75 (3): 907–912. ISSN 0018-019X. doi:10.1002/hlca.19920750325. 
  22. ^ Kluge, Arthur F. Synthesis of an imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine analog of a thiamine antagonist coccidiostat and a comparison of several methods for the preparation of imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (Wiley). 1978, 15 (1): 119–121. ISSN 0022-152X. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570150125. 
  23. ^ Senga, Keitaro; Robins, Roland K.; O'Brien, Darrell E. Synthesis of certain imidazo[2,1-f] pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidines. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (Wiley). 1975, 12 (5): 1043–1044. ISSN 0022-152X. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570120547. 
  24. ^ Weber, Maya; Jakobxht, Jürgen; Martens, Jürgen. Synthese und Reaktivität von 3-Oxazolinen. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (Wiley). 1992-01-13, 1992 (1): 1–6. ISSN 0170-2041. doi:10.1002/jlac.199219920102 (德语). 
  25. ^ Martens, Jürgen; Offermanns, Heribert; Scherberich, Paul. Einfache Synthese von racemischem Cystein. Angewandte Chemie (Wiley). 1981, 93 (8): 680–683. ISSN 0044-8249. doi:10.1002/ange.19810930808 (德语). 
  26. ^ Begtrup, Mikael; Hansen, Lars Bo L.; Grundvig, S.; Stenstrøm, Yngve; Khan, Agha Zul-Quarnain; Sandström, Jan; Krogsgaard-Larsen, Povl. New Methods for the Introduction of Substituents into Thiazoles.. Acta Chemica Scandinavica (Danish Chemical Society). 1992, 46: 372–383. ISSN 0904-213X. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.46-0372. 
  27. ^ Brandsma, L.; De Jong, R. L. P.; Verkruijsse, H. D. An Efficient Synthesis of 1,3-Thiazole. Synthesis (Georg Thieme Verlag KG). 1985, 1985 (10): 948–949. ISSN 0039-7881. doi:10.1055/s-1985-31396. 
  28. ^ Wender, Paul A.; White, Alan W. Methodology for the facile and regio-controlled synthesis of indoles. Tetrahedron (Elsevier BV). 1983, 39 (22): 3767–3776. ISSN 0040-4020. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88618-x.