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在电脑运算中，克隆是指一项设计为与其他系统工作方式相同的硬件系统或软件系统。[1]克隆的子集为重置版，也就是老旧、淘汰、中止开发产品的复兴版。
Motivation
Clones and remakes are created for various reasons, including competition, 标准化, availability across platforms, and even as 致敬. 兼容性 with the original system is usually the explicit purpose of cloning hardware or low-level software such as 操作系统s (e.g. AROS and MorphOS are intended to be compatible with AmigaOS). Application software can be cloned simply by providing similar functionality (all 文字处理器s have the same basic purpose), but may also be designed to support specific 档案格式s (e.g. OpenOffice.org is intended to supplant Microsoft Office).
Commercially motivated clones are made often during a competitor product's initial successful commercial run, intentionally competing with the original and trying to participate on their success.
Hardware
Hardware clones
When IBM announced the IBM PC in 1981, other companies such as 康柏 decided to offer clones of the PC as a legal reimplementation from the PC's documentation or 逆向工程. Because most of the components, except the PC's BIOS, were publicly available, all Compaq had to do was reverse-engineer the BIOS. The result was a machine with better value than the archetypes that the machines resembled. The use of the term "PC clone" to describe IBM PC兼容机 computers fell out of use in the 1990s; the class of machines it now describes are simply called PCs, but the early use of the term "clone" usually implied a higher level of compatibility with the original IBM PC than "PC-Compatible", with (often Taiwanese) clones of the original circuit (and possibly ROMs) the most compatible (in terms of software they would run and hardware tests they would pass), while "legitimate" new designs such as the 三洋电机 MBC-550 and Data General One, while not infringing on copyrights and adding innovations, tended to fail some compatibility tests (such as its ability to run 微软模拟飞行, or any software that bypassed the standard software interrupts and directly accessed hardware at the expected pre-defined locations, or - in the case of the MBC-550 for example, created diskettes which could not be directly interchanged with standard IBM PCs).
While the term has fallen mostly into commercial disuse, the term clone for PCs still applies to a PC made to entry-level or above standard (at the time it was made) which bears no commercial branding (e.g., 宏碁, IBM, 惠普, 戴尔). This includes, but is not limited to, PCs assembled by home users or Corporate IT Departments. (See also White box (computer hardware).)
There were many 红白机相容机s due to the popularity and longevity of the 红白机.
Hardware remakes
Examples for hardware remakes are e.g. recent home computer remakes.
A special kind of hardware remakes are 仿真器s which implement the hardware functionality completely in software. For instance the WinUAE emulator software tries to behave exactly like a physical Amiga.
Software
Software can be cloned by 逆向工程 or legal reimplementation from documentation or other sources, or by observing a program's appearance and behavior. The reasons for software cloning may include circumventing undesirable licensing fees, acquiring knowledge about the features of the system or creating an 互操作性 alternative for an unsupported 系统平台.
In the United States, the case of Lotus v. Borland allows programmers to clone the public functionality of a program without infringing its 著作权.
Yet the public interface may also be subject to copyright to the extent that it contains expression (such as the appearance of an icon). For example, in August 2012, 艺电, via its Maxis division, put forth a lawsuit against Zynga, claiming that its Facebook game, The Ville was a direct clone of EA's own Facebook game, 模拟时光. The lawsuit challenges that The Ville not only copies the gameplay mechanics of The Sims Social, but also uses art and visual interface aspects that appear to be inspired by The Sims Social.[2][3][4] The two companies settled out of court on undisclosed terms in February 2013.[5]
An example for software cloning is the ReactOS project which tries to clone Microsoft Windows; another example is GNU Octave, which treats incompatibility with 迈斯沃克 MATLAB as a bug.[6]
Video games
Since the existence of video games, clones of successful concepts and brands were common. For instance, the influential first person shooter 毁灭战士 (1993年游戏) lead in 1990s to the creation of a new genre dubbed as 第一人称射击游戏s. In the 2000s the 开放世界 动作游戏 侠盗猎车手系列 inspired the creation of many 类侠盗猎车手游戏s.
Software remakes
Remakes of software are revivals of old, obsolete, or discontinued software (e.g. 老软件).
A good share of software remakes are Fangames of 电脑游戏 and Game engine recreation made by the 迷文化 as part of 复古游戏, to address e.g. compatibility issues or non-availability of the original, e.g. a shutdown server gets substituted with a 私人伺服器.
Since the 2000s there has been an increasing number of commercial remakes of classical games by the original developer or publisher for current platforms as the 数字发行 lowers the investment risk for niche releases.[7] When enhanced in some way (audio, graphics, etc.) new releases might be called "High definition" release or "Special edition", an example is 猴岛的秘密.[8][9]
Other uses of the term
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Desktop
Since 2010 clone computing, in the sense of replicating a session on a host computer in a virtual instance in the 云端运算, has been introduced. This allows the user to have access to a copy of their PC's desktop on any other computing device such as a 平板电脑, a personal computer running any operating system, WebOS, 智能手机s, etc.
The clone computer replicates, runs, and is always available through a series of cloud servers. Unlike remote management software, clone computing has no dependency on the host computer.
Disk cloning software
Disk cloning is the process of copying the contents of one computer hard drive to another disk or to an "image" file. Typically, the contents of the first disk are written to an image file as an intermediate step, and the second disk is loaded with the contents of the image. A cloned drive can replace the original, rather than simply containing backup copies of files.
Cloning software replicates the operating system, drives, software and patches of one computer for a variety of purposes, including setting up multiple computers, hard drive upgrades, and system recovery in the event of disk failure or corruption.
Programming
In 程序设计, particularly 面向对象程序设计, 克隆 (编程学) refers to object copying by a method or copy factory function, often called clone or copy, as opposed to by a 构造器. Cloning is 多型 (计算机科学), in that the type of the object being cloned need not be specified, in contrast to using a copy constructor, which requires specifying the type (in the constructor call).
See also
References
- ^ clone /n./ "An exact duplicate: "Our product is a clone of their product." Implies a legal reimplementation from documentation or by reverse-engineering" from the Jargon File
- ^ Griffen, Daniel Nye. EA Sues Zynga, But Deeper Social Issues Threaten. 福布斯. 2012-08-06 [2012-08-07].
- ^ Brown, Nathan. How Zynga cloned its way to success. Edge (杂志). 2012-01-25 [2012-08-07].
- ^ Jamison, Peter. FarmVillains. SF Weekly. 2010-09-08 [2012-08-07].
- ^ Cifaldi, Frank. EA and Zynga settle The Ville copycat case out of court. Gamasutra. 2013-02-15 [2013-02-15].
- ^ 11. Porting programs from MATLAB to Octave "There are still a number of differences between Octave and MATLAB, however in general differences between the two are considered as bugs."
- ^ Walker, John. RPS Exclusive: Gabe Newell Interview. Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 2007-11-22 [2013-06-28].
The worst days [for game development] were the cartridge days for the NES. It was a huge risk – you had all this money tied up in silicon in a warehouse somewhere, and so you’d be conservative in the decisions you felt you could make, very conservative in the IPs you signed, your art direction would not change, and so on. Now it’s the opposite extreme: we can put something up on Steam, deliver it to people all around the world, make changes. We can take more interesting risks.[...] Retail doesn’t know how to deal with those games. On Steam [a digital distributor] there’s no shelf-space restriction. It’s great because they’re a bunch of old, orphaned games.
- ^ The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition Tech Info. GameSpot. [November 15, 2011]. （原始内容存档于April 2, 2010）. 无效
|deadurl=bot: unknown(帮助) - ^ Onyett, Charles. E3 2009: The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition Preview. IGN. June 2, 2009 [November 15, 2011].