解放了的普羅米修斯
《解放了的普羅米修斯》(英語:Prometheus Unbound)是珀西·雪萊創作的一部四幕詩劇,1820年首版[1]。它本質上是一部書齋劇,並不是為了在劇院上演而創作的[2]。
主人公即希臘神話中因盜天火而遭到宙斯懲罰的普羅米修斯,其靈感來自埃斯庫羅斯創作的同名三部劇。和原作一樣,普羅米修斯最終都得以脫困,但雪萊的作品中,普羅米修斯並沒有和懲罰他的神和解,神的墮落才是他脫困的原因。
創作過程
瑪麗·雪萊在1818年9月5日的一份信首次提到珀西·雪萊在創作這部作品[3],而雪萊則在同年10月8日於寫給托馬斯·拉夫·皮科克的一份信中首次提到了這部作品,說他已經完成了其第一幕的創作。[4]
但是由於雪萊的女兒克拉拉(Clara Everina Shelley)在1818年9月24日去世,雪萊前往意大利散心,期間《解放了的普羅米修斯》可能並沒有什麼太大的進展[5]。它的完成時間大概是1819年4月,在4月6日寫給皮科克的信中,雪萊說:「我的解放了的普羅米修斯剛剛完成,我會在一到兩個月內寄過去」[6]。但由於他的兒子威廉·雪萊在1819年6月7日去世,作品的發表日期再次推遲。[5]
1819年9月6日,雪萊寫信給查爾斯和詹姆斯·奧利爾說他將把作品寄給他們出版[7]。雪萊托約翰·吉斯伯恩(John Gisborne)將他的作品帶回英格蘭,但是由於吉斯伯恩行程延誤,直到1819年12月出版方才收到《解放了的普羅米修斯》的前三幕[8]。第四幕在此時尚未完成。1819年12月23日,雪萊給吉斯伯恩的信中才說他又寫成了額外的一幕。[9]
作品最終在1820年出版,雪萊夫婦則在當年11月收到了出版的《解放了的普羅米修斯》。[10]
參考文獻
- ^ Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Prometheus Unbound, A Lyrical Drama in Four Acts with Other Poems 1. London: C and J Ollier. 1820 [21 May 2015].
- ^ Mulhallen, Jacqueline. "The Theatre of Shelley". Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010, pp. 147–76.
- ^ Zillman 1959 p. 3
- ^ Shelley 1930 IX . 336
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Zillman 1959 p. 4
- ^ Shelley 1930 X p. 48. "My Prometheus Unbound is just finished, and in a month or two I shall send it"
- ^ Shelley 1930 X p. 79
- ^ Zillman p. 5
- ^ Shelley 1930 X p. 136
- ^ Zillman pp. 6–7
- Abrams, M. H. Natural Supernaturalism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973.
- Bloom, Harold. Shelley's Mythmaking. New Haven, 1959.
- Bodkin, Maud. Archetypal Patterns in Poetry. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
- Brisman, Susan Hawk. "'Unsaying His High Language': The Problem of Voice in 'Prometheus Unbound'." Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 16, No. 1, Romanticism and Language (Winter, 1977), pp. 51–86.
- De Luca, V. A. "The Style of Millennial Announcement in Prometheus Unbound." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 28, (1979), pp. 78–101.
- Grabo, Carl. A Newton Among Poets: Shelley's Use of Science in Prometheus Unbound. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1930.
- Grabo, Carl Henry. Prometheus Unbound: An Interpretation. New York: Gordian Press, 1968.
- Hughes, D. J. "Potentiality in 'Prometheus Unbound'." Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Winter, 1963), pp. 107–126.
- Isomaki, Richard. "Love as Cause in Prometheus Unbound." SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nineteenth Century (Autumn, 1989), pp. 655–673.
- Knight, G. Wilson. The Starlit Dome. Oxford, 1941.
- Locock, Charles D. The Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley. London: Methuen and Company, 1911.
- Pierce, John B. "'Mont Blanc' and 'Prometheus Unbound': Shelley's Use of the Rhetoric of Silence." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 38, (1989), pp. 103–126.
- Rajan, Tilottama. "Deconstruction or Reconstruction: Reading Shelley's Prometheus Unbound." Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 23, No. 3, Percy Bysshe Shelley (Fall, 1984), pp. 317–338.
- Ross, Marlon B. "Shelley's Wayward Dream-Poem: The Apprehending Reader in Prometheus Unbound." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 36, (1987), pp. 110–133.
- Rossetti, William Michael, ed. The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Revised, with notes, and a memoir. London: E. Moxon, Son, & Company, 1870.
- Shelley, Percy. Prometheus Unbound. London: C and J Ollier, 1820.
- Shelley, Percy. Complete Works (Julian Edition). Edited by Roger Ingpen and Walter Peck. London: Benn, 1930.
- Smith, Wiltrude L. "An Overlooked Source for Prometheus Unbound." Studies in Philology, XLVIII (1951), 783–792.
- Solve, Melvin Theodor. Shelley: His Theory of Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927. (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1976).
- Sperry, Stuart M. "Necessity and the Role of the Hero in Shelley's Prometheus Unbound." PMLA, Vol. 96, No. 2 (March 1981), pp. 242–254.
- Twitchell, James B. "Shelley's Metapsychological System in Act IV of 'Prometheus Unbound'." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 24, (1975), pp. 29–48.
- Wasserman, Earl. Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965
- Waldoff, Leon. (1975). "The Father-Son Conflict in Prometheus Unbound: The Psychology of a Vision." Psychoanalytical Review, 62:79–96.
- Zillman, Lawrence. Shelley's Prometheus Unbound. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1959.
外部連接
維基文庫中的相關原始文獻:Prometheus Unbound
- Prometheus Unbound (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),包含對原著的分析
- Online version on Bartleby.com. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)