兩眼豬籠草

兩眼豬籠草
	兩眼豬籠草的上位籠
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 2.3）
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae
屬：	豬籠草屬 Nepenthes
種：	兩眼豬籠草 N. reinwardtiana
二名法
	Nepenthes reinwardtiana; Miq. (1852)
異名
	Nepenthes korthalsiana; auct. non Miq.: Herb.Calc. ex Macfarl. (1908); ?Nepenthes naquiyuddinii; J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006); Nepenthes reinwardtii; Hook.f. (1859)sphalm.typogr.;

兩眼豬籠草^[2]（學名：Nepenthes reinwardtiana）是婆羅洲和蘇門答臘特有的熱帶食蟲植物^[3]，少量分佈於周圍的許多島嶼中，包括邦加島、大納土納島^[4]、尼亞斯島及西比路島。^[5]雖然部分文獻顯示其分佈於西馬來西亞^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]和新加坡^[7]^[10]，但這些記錄似乎是錯誤的^[11]^[12]。其種加詞「reinwardtiana」來源於卡斯珀·格奧爾格·卡爾·瑞華德，所以其也稱為瑞華德豬籠草（Reinwardt's Pitcher-Plant）。^[13]

兩眼豬籠草分佈於海拔0至2200米處。^[3]高海拔地區與低海拔地區兩眼豬籠草的捕蟲籠大小和顏色存在差異，低海拔變型的捕蟲籠更細長，高海拔地區的捕蟲籠更矮胖。^[2]兩眼豬籠草的捕蟲籠色彩豐富，可為綠色至深紅色。兩眼豬籠草捕蟲籠的內表面可存在兩個「眼點」，其隨植株生長狀態，或存在或消失。^[2]

分類關係

納奎友丁豬籠草

2006年，朱馬特·哈吉·亞當和哈菲查·A·哈米德（Hafiza A. Hamid）描述了納奎友丁豬籠草（N. naquiyuddinii）^{[注 1]}。^[14]^[15]納奎友丁豬籠草存在於婆羅洲沙巴由根地咬去往金馬尼士的道路及土魯斯瑪迪山山腳，海拔1400米至1425米的開闊次生植被中。^[14]

雖然兩眼豬籠草和納奎友丁豬籠草之間存在密切的近緣關係，但朱馬特·哈吉·亞當和哈菲查·A·哈米德認為「因為兩眼豬籠草和納奎友丁豬籠草存在許多形態上的差異，所以他們不能歸為同一個物種」。^[14]但是另一些學者認為，兩眼豬籠草和納奎友丁豬籠草之間的差異太小了，不足以將它們區分成兩個物種，並認為納奎友丁豬籠草是兩眼豬籠草的同物異名。^[16]^[17]此外，這些學者認為納奎友丁豬籠草可能是暗色豬籠草（N. fusca）和兩眼豬籠草的自然雜交種。^[18]

進化分支

2001年，查爾斯·克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析，共利用了70個形態特徵。以下為豬籠草進化樹的「第6分支」。^[19]

unnamed

	小豬籠草

	兩眼豬籠草

unnamed

東巴豬籠草

79%

	昂嘎桑豬籠草

	邁克豬籠草

種下類群

Nepenthes reinwardtiana var. samarindaensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1993)^[20]

自然雜交種

左：暗色豬籠草與兩眼豬籠草的自然雜交種。
右：兩眼豬籠草與窄葉豬籠草的自然雜交種。

N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=N. × ferrugineomarginata]^[21]
N. ampullaria × N. reinwardtiana^[19]
N. clipeata × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana^[3][=?N. naquiyuddinii]^[18]
N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana^[19]
N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana^[19]
N. hispida × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
N. macrovulgaris × N. reinwardtiana^[21]
N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana^[18]
N. reinwardtiana × N. spathulata^[19]
N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla^[21]
N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata^[3][=?N. murudensis]^[21]
N. reinwardtiana × N. tobaica^[19]^[22]

註釋

^ 納奎友丁豬籠草的種加詞來源於馬來西亞國民大學的副校監——Yang Amat Mulia Tunku Laxamana Tunku Dato' Seri Utama Naquiyuddin Ibni Tuanku Ja'afar.^[14]

參考文獻

^ Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 65. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
^ （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
^ Holttum, R.E. 1940. Malayan pitcher-plants. Malayan Nature Journal 1: 35–44.
^ Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
^ Green, S. 1967. Notes on the distribution of Nepenthes species in Singapore. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 22: 53–65.
^ Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
^ Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes) Recorded from Keningau-Kimanis Road in Sabah, Malaysia.PDF (2.40 MiB) International Journal of Botany 2(4): 431-436. ISSN 1811-9700 doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.431.436
^ Fong, L.F. 2007. New pitcher species （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. The Star, May 11, 2007.
^ Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Carnivorous Plant Database.
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 ^19.4 ^19.5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. A new variety of Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miquel from Kalimantan, Borneo. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50(1): 99–104.
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ （印尼文） Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
（印尼文） Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
Clarke et al. Nepenthes reinwardtiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708.
（印尼文） Deswita, E. 2010. Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo for giant Nepenthes. Part 1: Mesilau Nature Reserve, Ranau. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 107: 6–13.
Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 109: 6–15.
（印尼文） Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
（印尼文） Hartini, S. 2007. Keragaman flora dari Monumen Alam Kersik Luway, Kalimantan Timur.（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） [Flora diversity from Kersik Luway Nature Monument, East Kalimantan.] Biodiversitas 8(1): 67–72.
Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo.PDF Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
（印尼文） Meriko, L. 2010. Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
（日語） Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes（無憂草 – Nepenthes）. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 40–41.
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
（印尼文） Rosyida, U. & S. Hut 2010. Keberadaan Nepenthes di cagar alam Padang Luway. Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Kalimantan Timur.
（印尼文） Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
（印尼文） Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
（印尼文） Syamswisna 2009. Analisis vegetasi pada habitat kantong semar (Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok.M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang.
（印尼文） Syamswisna 2010. Studi habitat kantong semar (Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.) di Paninjauan, Kabupaten Solok（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Jurnal Guru Membangun 24(2): [unpaginated; 10 pp.] Abstract（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Thong, J. 2006. Travels around North Borneo – Part 1.PDF Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 81: 12–17.
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（印尼文） Yogiara 2004. Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA).PDF M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
（印尼文） Yusmad , R. 2008. Stuktur anatomi daun dan sulur serta perkembangan kantung pada kantung semar (Nepenthes reinwardtana Miq). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract

擴展閱讀

食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中兩眼豬籠草的照片（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中蘇門答臘兩眼豬籠草的照片（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：兩眼豬籠草維基物種上的相關資訊：兩眼豬籠草

[AH-15] 納奎友丁豬籠草的種加詞來源於馬來西亞國民大學的副校監——Yang Amat Mulia Tunku Laxamana Tunku Dato' Seri Utama Naquiyuddin Ibni Tuanku Ja'afar.^[14]

[Hooker1859-1] Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x

[夏洛特2007-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 65. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[McPherson-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[4] （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[maps-5] Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.

[6] Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.

[Danser-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.

[8] Holttum, R.E. 1940. Malayan pitcher-plants. Malayan Nature Journal 1: 35–44.

[9] Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.

[10] Green, S. 1967. Notes on the distribution of Nepenthes species in Singapore. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 22: 53–65.

[11] Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.

[12] Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.

[P&L-13] Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[AH-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes) Recorded from Keningau-Kimanis Road in Sabah, Malaysia.PDF (2.40 MiB) International Journal of Botany 2(4): 431-436. ISSN 1811-9700 doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.431.436

[16] Fong, L.F. 2007. New pitcher species （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. The Star, May 11, 2007.

[17] Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.

[18] Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Carnivorous Plant Database.

[P&L2008-19] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Clarke-20] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 ^19.4 ^19.5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[21] Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. A new variety of Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miquel from Kalimantan, Borneo. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50(1): 99–104.

[Clarke97-22] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Dariana-23] （印尼文） Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

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兩眼豬籠草

兩眼豬籠草的上位籠
保護狀況
無危（IUCN 2.3）
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae
屬：	豬籠草屬 Nepenthes
種：	兩眼豬籠草 N. reinwardtiana
二名法
*Nepenthes reinwardtiana* Miq. (1852)
異名
Nepenthes korthalsiana auct. non Miq.: Herb.Calc. ex Macfarl. (1908) ?Nepenthes naquiyuddinii J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006) Nepenthes reinwardtii Hook.f. (1859)^[1]sphalm.typogr.