光子上轉換

光子上轉換（英語：Photon upconversion）是吸收較長波長的兩個或多個光子，激發出較短波長的光的過程。^[1]它是反斯托克型的發光，這種類型的發光的例子就是將紅外光轉化為可見光。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]具有這一發光特性的材料被稱作上轉換發光材料，它通常含有d區或f區的元素。如Ln³⁺、Ti²⁺、Ni²⁺、Mo³⁺、Re⁴⁺、Os⁴⁺等。

參考文獻

^ Zhou, B.; et al. Controlling Upconversion Nanocrystals for Emerging Applications. Nature Nanotechnology: 924–936. Bibcode:2015NatNa..10..924Z. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.251.
^ Haase, M.; Schäfer, H. Upconverting Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2011, 50: 5808–5829. doi:10.1002/anie.201005159.
^ Auzel, François. Upconversion and Anti-Stokes Processes with f and d Ions in Solids. Chemical Reviews. 2004, 104 (1): 139–174. PMID 14719973. doi:10.1021/cr020357g.
^ Gamelin, Daniel R.; Güdel, Hans U. Design of Luminescent Inorganic Materials: New Photophysical Processes Studied by Optical Spectroscopy. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2000, 33 (4): 235–242. doi:10.1021/ar990102y.
^ Huang, Zhiyuan; Li, Xin; Mahboub, Melika; Hanson, Kerry M.; Nichols, Valerie M.; Le, Hoang; Tang, Ming L.; Bardeen, Christopher J. Hybrid Molecule–Nanocrystal Photon Upconversion Across the Visible and Near-Infrared. Nano Letters. 2015-08-12, 15 (8): 5552–5557. Bibcode:2015NanoL..15.5552H. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 26161875. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02130.
^ Wu, Mengfei; Congreve, Daniel N.; Wilson, Mark W. B.; Jean, Joel; Geva, Nadav; Welborn, Matthew; Van Voorhis, Troy; Bulović, Vladimir; Bawendi, Moungi G. Solid-state infrared-to-visible upconversion sensitized by colloidal nanocrystals. Nature Photonics. 2015-11-23, 10: 31–34. Bibcode:2016NaPho..10...31W. ISSN 1749-4893. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.226.

[1] Zhou, B.; et al. Controlling Upconversion Nanocrystals for Emerging Applications. Nature Nanotechnology: 924–936. Bibcode:2015NatNa..10..924Z. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.251.

[2] Haase, M.; Schäfer, H. Upconverting Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2011, 50: 5808–5829. doi:10.1002/anie.201005159.

[3] Auzel, François. Upconversion and Anti-Stokes Processes with f and d Ions in Solids. Chemical Reviews. 2004, 104 (1): 139–174. PMID 14719973. doi:10.1021/cr020357g.

[4] Gamelin, Daniel R.; Güdel, Hans U. Design of Luminescent Inorganic Materials: New Photophysical Processes Studied by Optical Spectroscopy. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2000, 33 (4): 235–242. doi:10.1021/ar990102y.

[:0-5] Huang, Zhiyuan; Li, Xin; Mahboub, Melika; Hanson, Kerry M.; Nichols, Valerie M.; Le, Hoang; Tang, Ming L.; Bardeen, Christopher J. Hybrid Molecule–Nanocrystal Photon Upconversion Across the Visible and Near-Infrared. Nano Letters. 2015-08-12, 15 (8): 5552–5557. Bibcode:2015NanoL..15.5552H. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 26161875. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02130.

[6] Wu, Mengfei; Congreve, Daniel N.; Wilson, Mark W. B.; Jean, Joel; Geva, Nadav; Welborn, Matthew; Van Voorhis, Troy; Bulović, Vladimir; Bawendi, Moungi G. Solid-state infrared-to-visible upconversion sensitized by colloidal nanocrystals. Nature Photonics. 2015-11-23, 10: 31–34. Bibcode:2016NaPho..10...31W. ISSN 1749-4893. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.226.

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