內啡肽

化学合成物

內啡肽(endorphin),音譯安多酚,是人類和其他脊椎動物中樞神經系統(如腦下垂體丘腦下部)或腎上腺髓質[1]中產生的內源性阿片肽英語Opioid peptide[2][3],可以阻斷疼痛的感覺,且增加幸福感[4][5]。內啡肽主要有α、β和γ三種類型,可結合於特異的阿片樣物質受體,其與腦啡肽、強啡肽等共同組成阿片肽家族[6]

β-內啡肽是一種內源性阿片神經肽(opioid neuropeptide)和肽類激素(peptide hormone)

內啡肽又俗稱「腦內嗎啡」[7][8]、「腦內啡」[9],但這些稱呼易與腦啡肽(enkephalin)混淆;且內啡肽屬於一種神經肽(一種肽類),嗎啡結構為生物鹼(與肽類無關)[10]。內啡肽英語 endorphin 命名源自「內源嗎啡」(endogenous morphine[11][12][13])。

歷史

在1975年,內啡肽分別由兩組獨立的研究人員同時發現。

  • 蘇格蘭的約翰·休斯(John Hughes)及漢斯·科斯特利茲(Hans Kosterlitz)首次由中發現有α(alpha)、β(beta)及γ(gamma)3種內啡肽。當時他們稱它為enkephalins(由大腦的希臘文εγκέφαλος, 變化而成)。
  • 同一時間,另一組美國研究人員Rabi Simantov和Solomon H. Snyder在中發現內啡肽。埃里·西門(Eric Simon)(日後發現人類體內的嗎啡受體)把它稱為 "endomorphin",是「內生嗎啡」的縮寫。事實上嗎啡本身並不是,但近期的研究發現,人類動物的肌肉細胞組織能產生嗎啡[14]

量變化的原因

科學家對於審度人類體內的內啡肽水平有所爭論,現時關於內啡肽的大量數據是由動物的實驗結果得來的,不是由人類臨床實驗。因為人類實驗只能量度人體血漿內的內啡肽水平,這並不是真正量度中樞神經系統內的內啡肽水平。有些實驗利用一些類嗎啡對抗藥(例如naloxone),間接地量度內啡肽水平。

運動

跑步者的愉悅感英語Runner's high是指當運動量超過某一階段時,體內便會分泌內啡肽。長時間、連續、中等至高強度的運動、深呼吸也是分泌內啡肽的條件。長時間運動把肌肉內的糖原用盡,內啡肽便會分泌。這些運動包括跑步游泳越野滑雪羽毛球 、長距離划船、騎單車舉重有氧運動舞或球類運動(例如籃球足球美式足球)。

文內註釋

  1. ^ Hsu CT, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Increase of beta-endorphin biosynthesis in the adrenal gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318(2):57-60. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02473-9
  2. ^ Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. December 2020, 22 (1): 338. PMC 7796446 . PMID 33396962. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338 . 
  3. ^ Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ. Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update. Sports Medicine. July 1997, 24 (1): 8–16. PMID 9257407. doi:10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002. 
  4. ^ Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW. Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training. British Medical Journal. June 1984, 288 (6435): 1950–1952. PMC 1442192 . PMID 6329401. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950. 
  5. ^ Endorphins: What They Are and How to Boost Them. Cleveland Clinic. [2023-03-25] (英語). 
  6. ^ Miller RJ, Cuatrecasas P. Enkephalins and endorphins. Vitam Horm. 1978;36:297-382. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60987-5
  7. ^ 「腦內嗎啡」與健康. [2014-04-26]. (原始內容存檔於2014-12-01). 
  8. ^ 陳普.可改變人生的腦內嗎啡[J].知識就是力量, 1998(1):3.DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZSLL.0.1998-01-006.
  9. ^ 梅語.內啡肽——運動首 快樂着[J].養生保健指南:中老年健康, 2017(9):2.
  10. ^ Papini, A. M. (2018). From morphine to endogenous opioid peptides, e.g., endorphins: the endless quest for the perfect painkiller. Substantia, 2(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.13128/Substantia-63
  11. ^ Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM. Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011 (PDF). Folia Biologica. 1515, 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine 
  12. ^ μ receptor. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15 March 2017 [28 December 2017]. Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously. 
  13. ^ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH. Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2004, 101 (39): 14091–14096. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10114091P. PMC 521124 . PMID 15383669. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405430101 . 
  14. ^ Grobe, Nadja; Lamshöft, Marc; Orth, Robert G.; Dräger, Birgit; Kutchan, Toni M.; Zenk, Meinhart H.; Spiteller, Michael. Urinary excretion of morphine and biosynthetic precursors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-04, 107 (18): 8147–8152 [2020-12-20]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003423107. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-24).