内啡肽
化学合成物
内啡肽(endorphin),音译安多酚,是人类和其他脊椎动物中枢神经系统(如脑下垂体和丘脑下部)或肾上腺髓质[1]中产生的内源性阿片肽[2][3],可以阻断疼痛的感觉,且增加幸福感[4][5]。内啡肽主要有α、β和γ三种类型,可结合于特异的阿片样物质受体,其与脑啡肽、强啡肽等共同组成阿片肽家族[6]。
内啡肽又俗称“脑内吗啡”[7][8]、“脑内啡”[9],但这些称呼易与脑啡肽(enkephalin)混淆;且内啡肽属于一种神经肽(一种肽类),吗啡结构为生物碱(与肽类无关)[10]。内啡肽英语 endorphin 命名源自“内源吗啡”(endogenous morphine[11][12][13])。
历史
在1975年,内啡肽分别由两组独立的研究人员同时发现。
量变化的原因
科学家对于审度人类体内的内啡肽水平有所争论,现时关于内啡肽的大量数据是由动物的实验结果得来的,不是由人类临床实验。因为人类实验只能量度人体血浆内的内啡肽水平,这并不是真正量度中枢神经系统内的内啡肽水平。有些实验利用一些类吗啡的对抗药(例如naloxone),间接地量度内啡肽水平。
运动
跑步者的愉悦感是指当运动量超过某一阶段时,体内便会分泌内啡肽。长时间、连续、中等至高强度的运动、深呼吸也是分泌内啡肽的条件。长时间运动把肌肉内的糖原用尽,内啡肽便会分泌。这些运动包括跑步、游泳、越野滑雪、羽毛球 、长距离划船、骑单车、举重、有氧运动舞或球类运动(例如篮球、足球或美式橄榄球)。
文内注释
- ^ Hsu CT, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Increase of beta-endorphin biosynthesis in the adrenal gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318(2):57-60. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02473-9
- ^ Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. December 2020, 22 (1): 338. PMC 7796446 . PMID 33396962. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338 .
- ^ Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ. Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update. Sports Medicine. July 1997, 24 (1): 8–16. PMID 9257407. doi:10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002.
- ^ Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW. Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training. British Medical Journal. June 1984, 288 (6435): 1950–1952. PMC 1442192 . PMID 6329401. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950.
- ^ Endorphins: What They Are and How to Boost Them. Cleveland Clinic. [2023-03-25] (英语).
- ^ Miller RJ, Cuatrecasas P. Enkephalins and endorphins. Vitam Horm. 1978;36:297-382. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60987-5
- ^ 「腦內嗎啡」與健康. [2014-04-26]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-01).
- ^ 陈普.可改变人生的脑内吗啡[J].知识就是力量, 1998(1):3.DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZSLL.0.1998-01-006.
- ^ 梅语.内啡肽——运动首 快乐着[J].养生保健指南:中老年健康, 2017(9):2.
- ^ Papini, A. M. (2018). From morphine to endogenous opioid peptides, e.g., endorphins: the endless quest for the perfect painkiller. Substantia, 2(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.13128/Substantia-63
- ^ Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM. Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011 (PDF). Folia Biologica. 1515, 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049.
Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine
- ^ μ receptor. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15 March 2017 [28 December 2017].
Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously.
- ^ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH. Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2004, 101 (39): 14091–14096. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10114091P. PMC 521124 . PMID 15383669. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405430101 .
- ^ Grobe, Nadja; Lamshöft, Marc; Orth, Robert G.; Dräger, Birgit; Kutchan, Toni M.; Zenk, Meinhart H.; Spiteller, Michael. Urinary excretion of morphine and biosynthetic precursors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-04, 107 (18): 8147–8152 [2020-12-20]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003423107. (原始内容存档于2021-06-24).
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