沙威玛

中東黎凡特地區的肉類料理

沙威玛(阿拉伯语:شاورما‎,英语:Shawarma 或 Shawurma)是一道流行于中东黎凡特地区的肉类菜肴[1],将羊肉切成薄片堆叠成锥形,然后在缓慢转动的垂直烤肉架上烘烤,同时不断地将表面已烤熟的肉切下而成[2][3],也有用鸡肉牛肉等制成的[4][5][6]。是世界上最受欢迎的街头小吃之一,尤其是在埃及、黎凡特、高加索、阿拉伯半岛和其他中东地区的国家[7][8]

沙威玛
别称chawarma、shaurma、showarma
类型肉类
起源地奥斯曼帝国
地区安那托利亚黎凡特中东
上菜温度
主要成分肉类:羊肉、鸡肉火鸡肉牛肉
三明治:沙威玛肉、皮塔饼、大亨堡面包或卷饼、切碎或切丝蔬菜、腌制和各种各样调味品
类似菜肴土耳其烤肉Al pastor英语Al pastor希腊旋转烤肉

历史

“沙威玛”的阿拉伯单词,源于土耳其文“çevirme[tʃeviɾˈme],意思是“转动”[8]。虽然在水平烤架上烤肉有着悠久的历史,但烤一叠垂直的肉片并在烹饪时将其切下的方式首先出现在19世纪的土耳其[6][9][10],类似于土耳其烤肉希腊旋转烤肉[6][11][12],又在20世纪初由黎巴嫩移民带到了墨西哥[11][13]

制作

沙威玛是由经过调味的腌制羊肉、羊肉、小牛肉、牛肉、鸡肉或火鸡肉切成薄片制成的,切片堆叠在大约60厘米长的烤签上,通过在堆叠中添加脂肪块以增加多汁性和风味,电动烤盘在加热元件前缓慢转动肉堆,持续烘烤外层,通常用一把厨刀将碎肉从旋转的肉堆上切下以备上菜[6]

搭配的香料可能包括孜然小豆蔻肉桂姜黄辣椒粉,在某些地区还有巴哈拉特[13][14]。沙威玛通常用作三明治或卷饼的馅料,也被加入皮塔饼烤饼[6][15]

在以色列,大多数沙威玛是用深色火鸡肉制成的,通常配上芝麻酱,因为优格酱和肉一起食用会违反犹太教对于牛奶和肉的限制[13]。常见的沙威玛通常用番茄丁、黄瓜丁、洋葱、腌菜、鹰嘴豆泥、芝麻酱或安巴芒果酱来装饰[6]。一些餐厅可能会提供额外的配料,如烤辣椒、茄子或炸薯条[16]

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相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Philip Mattar. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Macmillan Reference USA. 2004: 840 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 978-0-02-865771-4. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06). 
  2. ^ Mattar, Philip. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa 2 Hardcover. Macmillan Library Reference. 2004: 840 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9780028657714. OCLC 469317304. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06). Shawarma is a popular Levantine Arab specialty. 
  3. ^ La Boone, III, John A. Around the World of Food: Adventures in Culinary History Paperback. iUniverse, Inc. 2006: 115 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 0595389686. OCLC 70144831. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06). Shawarma - An Arab sandwich similar to the gyro. 
  4. ^ Albala, Ken (编). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 197, 225, 250, 260–261, 269 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9780313376269. (原始内容存档于2022-01-06) –通过Google Books. 
  5. ^ Davidson, Alan. Jaine, Tom , 编. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014: 259 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9780191040726. OCLC 1119636257. (原始内容存档于2020-07-30) –通过Google Books. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Marks, Gil. Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. 2010 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9780544186316. OCLC 849738985. (原始内容存档于2022-06-23) –通过Google Books. 
  7. ^ Kraig, Bruce; Sen, Colleen Taylor. Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2013: xxv, 18–19, 127–129, 339. ISBN 978-1598849554. OCLC 864676073. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Al Khan, Mohammed N. Shawarma: the Arabic fast food. Gulf News. 2009-07-31 [2022-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-04). 
  9. ^ Eberhard Seidel-Pielen. Döner-Fieber sogar in Hoyerswerda [Doner fever even in Hoyerswerda]. ZEIT ONLINE. 1996-05-10 [2016-05-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-25) (德语). Neither in the written recipes of the medieval Arab cuisine nor in the Turkish cookbooks from the first half of the 19th century are there any indications. According to research carried out by the Turkish master chef Rennan Yaman, who lives in Berlin, the doner kebab is an amazingly young creation of Ottoman cuisine. (Quote translated from the German) 
  10. ^ Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (编). The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 1147 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9780521402156. (原始内容存档于2020-07-29) –通过Google Books. Bursa is the town that gave birth to the world-famous doner kebab, meat roasted on a vertical revolving spit. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Prichep, Deena; Estrin, Daniel. Thank the Ottoman Empire for the taco al pastor. PRI. 2015-05-07 [2017-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-08). 
  12. ^ Kremezi, Aglaia. What's in the Name of a Dish?. Hosking, Richard (编). Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009 28. Totnes: Prospect Books. 2010: 203–204 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9781903018798. OCLC 624419365. (原始内容存档于2020-01-09). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Guttman, Vered. How to Make Shawarma Like an Israeli. Haaretz. 2017-05-01 [2022-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12). 
  14. ^ Salloum, Habeeb; Lim, Suan L. The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking. Tokyo: Tuttle Pub. 2010: 66 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 9781462905249. OCLC 782879761. (原始内容存档于2022-06-23). 
  15. ^ Al-Masri, Mohammad. Colloquial Arabic (Levantine): The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. 2016. 
  16. ^ Laor, Eran. Shawarma, the Iconic Israeli Street Food, Is Slowly Making a Comeback in Tel Aviv. Haaretz. 2019-01-10 [2022-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-05). 

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