隐藏式头灯
隐藏式头灯,或称弹出式头灯(跳灯)、翻盖头灯(掀灯),是一种车身设计及车灯型式,当头灯不使用时可以藏入汽车中。隐藏式头灯盛行于1970到1990年代中期,因为关闭阖上时能减少风阻、维持流线造型,故深受跑车爱戴,不管是欧系、美系或日系跑车,几乎都把隐藏式头灯纳入设计之中。[1]
隐藏式头灯有着各式各样的设计型式,车灯可以安装在平躺的站立式灯罩中(例如蓝宝基尼Miura及保时捷928)、缩入引擎盖或挡泥板中(例如雪佛兰科尔维特(1963–2004))或者隐藏在可伸缩或旋转的格栅板后(例如道奇Charger(1966–1970)、水星Cyclone(1970–1971)及别克Riviera(1965))。
历史
出现
隐藏式头灯首次出现于1935年在纽约车展[2]亮相的Cord 810。Cord 810车身表面看不到车灯,而在仪表板两侧装有一对连杆来手动启闭头灯。[3]当手动摇动连杆时,隐藏在翼板的车灯就会翻出。[4]隔年,一辆经改装的爱快罗密欧·罗密欧8C也安装了类似的隐藏式头灯。[5]1938年,GM推出别克Y-Job概念车,首度采用电力驱动的隐藏式头灯[6]。随后几年,这样的车灯设计在不断出现其他多款概念车中,例如1951年推出的通用 Le Sabre。[7]不过,电动隐藏式头灯的设计直到1962年才首次出现在量产车上,由莲花Elan采用。[8]
流行
1968年,美国政府颁布新版《联邦机动车辆安全标准108》(FMVSS 108),规定汽车车灯是两个或者四个圆形密封大灯,并且禁止在前面安装保护性或者装饰性物件。[9]如此一来,车商就无法在美国销售的汽车使用流线型设计的灯罩以降低阻力,例如捷豹E-Type S1原有的流线型灯罩在1968年推出的S2上就被迫取消。[10]为因应美国法律规范,隐藏式头灯在1960年代中后期迅速流行起来,在1970至2000年代初期即有相当多的车型采用隐藏式头灯。
1974年,美国FMVSS的另一条新规让隐藏式大灯更加蓬勃发展。根据条文规定,汽车大灯高度不得低于24英寸(61 cm),而跑车因为车身低矮,多数跑车的大灯无法达到美国新要求的24英寸最低高度。不过,若将隐藏式大灯设在车头顶部跳起后正好可以增加大灯高度,因此车辆制造商便常使用隐藏式头灯来规避美国对于车辆头灯高度的法规。[10]例如,丰田在1983年将AE86的隐藏式头灯版本Sprinter Trueno引进美国,而非使用固定式前大灯的Levin,因为前者头灯开启后的高度符合美国法规。[11]这样一来车商就不需要拉高车身高度,进而影响操控性能。
衰退
1981年,福特汽车递交改革FMVSS 108的请愿书,并于1983年获得通过。[10]自此,美国汽车大灯的设计不再受到僵硬的法规局限。随着美国法律允许使用流线型设计的头灯,隐藏式头灯便失去存在意义,逐渐从汽车设计上淘汰。[10]与现今的流线型头灯比较,隐藏式头灯不但成本高昂、笨重且复杂,并且会随着汽车老化而故障。此外,世界车辆法规协调论坛所制定的汽车安全法规开始纳入保护行人的条款并限制车身突出部的设计,这使得要设计出符合规范的隐藏式头灯变得更加困难且昂贵。为了提高车辆能见度,部分国家也开始要求全天候开启头灯,只有停车熄火时才能关闭头灯,如此一来更降低了车厂采用隐藏式头灯的意愿。[1]
最后两款使用隐藏式头灯的量产车是莲花Esprit和雪佛兰科尔维特(C5)。两者于2004年停产后,便再无量产车使用隐藏式头灯。 [12] [13] 投射式头灯以及LED头灯的出现,实际上完全消除了车商对隐藏式大灯的需求。
虽然自2004年以来的新车就不再使用隐藏式头灯,但事实上隐藏式头灯并没有被完全禁止,因此这类头灯设计仍然可以在当今的新款车辆中应用,如Ares Design Project1。 [14]
其他车种中的应用
虽然隐藏式头灯大多是安装在汽车上的,但也有少数安装在其他车种中,例如摩哆车(本田Elite 150/光阳名流150)、[15] 大客车(Pegaso-Obradors)以及铁路列车(京成AE100型电联车)。
部分采用实例
量产车
其他车种
名称 | 车种 | 开始生产 | 停产/退役 | 参考 |
---|---|---|---|---|
爱快罗密欧·罗密欧8C 2900A Pininfarina Berlinetta | 定制改装车 | 1936 | 1936 | [180] |
京成AE100型电联车 | 铁路机车 | 1990 | 2016 | [181] |
近铁20000系电联车“楽” | 铁路机车 | 1990 | [182] | |
本田Elite 150/光阳名流150 | 踏板式摩托车 | 1984 | 1987 | [183][184] |
Pegaso-Obradors | 大客车 | 1992 | [185] | |
路华-BRM | 赛车 | 1963 | 1965 | [186] |
铃木GSX750S Katana | 摩哆车 | 1984 | 1985 | [187] |
图库
-
Cord 810/812(1937)
-
别克Y-Job(1938)
-
DeSoto(1942)
-
蓝宝基尼Miura(1966)
-
福特Thunderbird(1967)
-
雪佛兰Caprice(1968)
-
道奇Charger RT(1968)
-
欧宝GT(1972)
-
绅宝Sonett III(1973)
-
宝马 M1(1978)
-
铃木Katana(1984)
-
丰田MR2(1986)
-
法拉利F40(1987)
-
马自达323 Astina(1989)
-
普利茅斯Laser(1990)
-
保时捷968(1991)
-
莲花Esprit(1995)
-
雪佛兰科尔维特(2004)
另见
参考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 曾經紅極一時的《上掀式頭燈》為何消失了? 因為這個原因可能再也回不來. KingAutos 国王车讯. [2021-09-18]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02).
- ^ 1936 Cord 810 Westchester. Heritage Museums and Gardens. [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-06).
- ^ US Patent 2084120A,Harold T Ames,“Headlight structure”,发行于1937-06-15
- ^ 翻燈|原來以前的汽車是活的. 搜狐. [2019-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-19) (中文(中国大陆)).
- ^ Alfa Roméo Type 8C 2, 31. CITÉ DE L'AUTOMOBILE. [2021-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-01).
- ^ Mroz, Albert. Why the 'Y-Job' -- Harley Earl and the Buick Dream Car. Pre War Buick. [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- ^ Pop-Up Headlights – Seventy Years of Hidden History. Heacock Classic. 29 January 2019 [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-07).
- ^ Lotus Elan Owners Workshop Manual 1962-1974. Brooklands Books Ltd. 2005-02-23: 107. ISBN 9781855200227.
- ^ 【踢车问答】美国以前为什么要强制汽车车灯的形状和尺寸呢?. 新浪汽车. [2021-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-22).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 禁锢在美国法律中的车灯故事. 车云. [2014-05-11]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-07).
- ^ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 - Transportation. Gov Info. Table II. 2004-10-01 [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-04).
- ^ Esprit Production Figures. Lotus Esprit World. [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-03).
- ^ 2004 C5 Corvette Production. C5 Registry. [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-19).
- ^ Perez, Jeff. Ares Panther Is A Proper 641-HP Tribute To The Pantera. Motor1. [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-19).
- ^ First two-wheeled vehicle with retractable headlights. Honda Japan. 1983-03-07 [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Golden, Conner. All It took was $25,000 to own this piece of automotive esoterica. Hagerty. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Thiel, Wade. Ares Design Panther Project 1 Is Styled After the De Tomaso Pantera. Supercars.net.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Related Marques: Probes. Marcos Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-02).
- ^ Sim, Scott. Close up detail of the pop up headlights on a classic gold Alfa Romeo Montreal coupe sports car. Alamy. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Kierse, Matthias. 30 YEARS OF ALPINE A610. Secret Classics. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Alpine GTA USA Idle hope. Losange Magazine. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Bellwood, Owen. What's The Worst Car With Pop-Up Headlights?. Jalopnik. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-06).
- ^ Guide: Aston Martin V8 Volante Zagato. Supercar Nostalgia. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-09).
- ^ Bitter CD. Bitter Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Bitter SC. Bitter Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Reyes, Alvin. The Story Of The Bricklin SV-1, One Of The Worst-Selling Sports Cars Ever. Slash Gear. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-20).
- ^ Pop Up All The Headlights: 1991 BMW 850i. Daily Turismo. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Moreno, Fernando. Hidden Headlamps: 11 Cars With The Best Pop-Up Headlights. Motor1. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Gilbertson, Scotty. Two-Seat Tourer: 1990 Buick Reatta. Barn Finds. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Litwin, Matt. Clamshell Elegance: Bill Mitchell's Riviera gets hidden headlamps.. Hemmings. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Appel, Tom. Hidden Headlamps: The Awkward Years. ConsumerGuide Automotive. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-11).
- ^ This Time, It's Personal: The 1967-1970 Cadillac Eldorado. Ate Up with Motor. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-28).
- ^ 1969 Chevrolet Camaro Z28. Audrain Auto Museum. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ 1969 CHEVROLET CAPRICE CUSTOM SILVER SURVIVOR. American Dream Machines. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-05).
- ^ Reibakas, Santiago. Why The 2004 Chevy Corvette Was The Last Car To Feature Pop-Up Headlights. Hot Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Pop-Up Headlights – Seventy Years of Hidden History. Heacock Classic. [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-07).
- ^ Hidden Jewel: 1969 Kingswood Estate Wagon. Junkyard Life. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-06).
- ^ Lewis, Corey. Rare Rides Icons: The History of Imperial, More Than Just a Car (Part XII). The Truth About Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ My Curbside Classic: 1991 Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue – Almost Doesn't Count. Curbside Classic. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ Owens, Bill. Parked For 20 Years: 1977 Chrysler New Yorker Brougham. Barn Finds. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Okulski, Travis. Learn Everything You Wanted to Know and More About the Cizeta V16T. Road and Track. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ 1980S CLAN CLOVER. National Museums NI. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-18).
- ^ July 19, 1934 – Patent filed for retractable headlights for Cord. Automotive History. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- ^ O'Leary, Terrence. Covini B24, T40 and C36: The Diesel Supercars. Car Throttle. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Essex-built Dare DZ launched at Motor Show. Gazette Standard. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ 46.0 46.1 September 1, 1941 – DeSoto introduces automatic hidden headlights. Automotive History. September 2021 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ History of the 1967-1971 DeTomaso Mangusta. Hagerty. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ 1972 De Tomaso Pantera. RK Motors. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-15).
- ^ Silvestro, Brian. Blow Minds With the De Tomaso Pantera's Forgotten Successor. 2018-08-29 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-23).
- ^ 1966-1974 Dodge Charger History: B-Body Mopar Muscle. Classic Industries. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Radu, Vlad, Dodge Charger Daytona: An Iconic Muscle Car That Could Go Over 200 MPH, Even in Stock Form, Auto Evolution, 2021-09-20 [2023-05-30], (原始内容存档于2023-05-04)
- ^ 1990-93 Dodge Daytona. Consumer Guide Automotive. 2014-07-02 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ 1975 Dodge Monaco (PDF). Auto Catalog Archive. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-21).
- ^ Power, Tech, and Pop-Up Headlights: 1991 Dodge Stealth. Popular Mechanics. 2019-09-15 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 55.7 55.8 Hidden Headlights. Automotive Mileposts. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26).
- ^ 1990 Eagle Talon TSi AWD. Cars and Bids. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ MacLeman, Greg. Vegantune Evante: the brilliant sports car you've probably never heard of. Classic & Sports Car. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-06).
- ^ 1978 Ferrari Dino 308 GT4 Coupe. Richmonds. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ Lirones, Brett. David Lee's Ferrari 288 GTO is analog-car perfection. Hagerty. 2019-03-25 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Chopped-Up Ferrari 308 GTB Gears Up To Piss Off The Purists. Front Street Media. 2021-01-15 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Golseth, Andrew. 1989 Ferrari 328 GTS. Petrolicious. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-08).
- ^ Gated manual goodness: Ferrari's 'Black Sheep' 348 pops up in NZ. Driven. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ 1967 Ferrari 365 California Spyder. Girardo. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ 1972 Ferrari Daytona 365 GTB/4. Speedmaster Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02).
- ^ Rix, Jack. Watch the Ferrari Daytona SP3's 'eyelid' headlights open and close. Top Gear. 2022-07-18 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-21).
- ^ Thatcher, Sue. 1978 FERRARI 400 with pop up headlights driving in the rain. Alamy. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Ferrari 412: The Last Hurrah. Auto Evolution. 2022-10-09 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-17).
- ^ A Classic GT. Ferrari. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ Kimberley, Matt. This Ferrari 512 BB Koenig Special Is Pure, Glorious 1980s Excess. Car Throttle. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ THE MOST EMBLEMATIC CARS WITH POPUP HEADLIGHTS / Ferrari F355 F1. Team Imports. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02).
- ^ 1991 Ferrari F40. Audrain Auto Museum. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Harris, Aisha. Whatever Happened to Pop-Up Headlights?. Slate. 2013-10-22 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- ^ Sugaris, Djorde. Ferrari Testarossa – The Last of the Mid-Mounted Flat-12. Sports Car Digest. 2020-12-05 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-08).
- ^ Kierse, Matthias. FIAT 125S VIGNALE SAMANTHA. Secret Classics. 2020-07-06 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Raza Ronny, Ehsanur. Yellow Boat: 1977 FIAT X1/9. The Daily Star. 2013-09-20 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Allen, Guy. FORD CAPRI CONVERTIBLE - TODAY'S TEMPTER. Unique Cars. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-20).
- ^ 77.0 77.1 Gillogly, Brandan. Our 10 favorite hidden headlights. Hagerty. 2020-08-14 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Gilbertson, Scotty. One-Owner Wedding Present: 1970 Ford LTD. Barn Finds. 2022-02-18 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-06).
- ^ Andreina, Don. Curbside Classic: 1972-79 Australian 'Super' Premium Fords. Curbside Classic. 2018-09-30 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-08).
- ^ Polak, Steve. Restomod 1974 Ford Landau. Which Car Australia. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-22).
- ^ 81.0 81.1 10 Reasonably Cheap Cars With Pop-Up Headlights. Car Throttle. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- ^ 1970-'71 Ford Ranchero GT. Hemmings. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Bellwood, Owen. These Are The Worst Cars With Pop-Up Headlights. 25 February 2022 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Dowy, Sam. Ginetta G23. Drive My. 2015-09-26 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-08).
- ^ Ginetta G26. Ginetta Owners. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-19).
- ^ Dixon, Russ. Rare Racer: 1987 Ginetta G27. Barn Finds. 2023-03-09 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Ginetta G32 (PDF). Auto Catalog Archive. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-21).
- ^ Greatest road test ever: Ginetta G33. Autocar. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Hofstetter - Turbo. All Car Index. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Sapienza, James. 10 Cars That Will Make You Miss Pop-Up Headlights. Motorbiscuit. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Albertse, Ane. First drive review: The polished and refined 2021 Honda Ballade. Auto Trader. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ Palmer, Zac. Acura Integra is reborn, so here's a look at its past. Autoblog. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Weyer, Michael. These Cars Make Us Wish Pop-up Headlights Were Still A Thing. Hot Cars. 2020-10-11 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ 1989 Honda Accord Coupe Test Drive. Test Drive Junkie. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Satterfield, Michael. The Clan Crusader. The Gentleman Racer. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Sergeev, Angel. Mercedes-Powered Isdera Imperator 108i Is A Rare Supercar For Sale. Motor1. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Kierse, Matthias. ISO RIVOLTA LELE. Secret Classics. 2021-01-06 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Branch, Ben. An Italian-American Legend – The Rare Iso Grifo GL Series II. Silodrome. 2019-10-17 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- ^ Frankel, Andrew. Jaguar XJ220 at 30: Why V6 misfit is now a legend. Autocar. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Torchinsky, Jason. How Lamborghini Completely Half-Assed The Lights On Its Most Legendary Supercar. The Autopian. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Karkafiris, Michael. Did The Lamborghini Diablo Really Have Nissan Headlights?. Carscoops. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-07).
- ^ Fira, Michael. 1968 - 1970 Lamborghini Islero. Top Speed. 2009-09-03.
- ^ Menon, Kiran. This Is Why Lamborghini Jalpa Is The Most Forgotten Sports Car Of The '80s. Hot Cars. 2020-12-16 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Kierstein, Alex. The Jarama Might be the Best Front-Engined Lamborghini Eve. Motortrend. 2020-04-28 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-09).
- ^ Reyes, Alvin. The Lamborghini Urraco turns 50 this year. Slash Gear. 2020-10-12 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Sokolovski, Marko. These Are The Coolest Cars That Came With Pop-Up Headlights. Hot Cars. 2020-11-19 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Uwaoma, Philip. A Look Back At The Silhouette, The Sports Car That Saved Lamborghini. Hot Cars. 2022-05-06 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Torchinsky, Jason. These May Be The Most Superfluous-Seeming Pop-Up Headlights In All Motoring History. Jalopnik. 2019-08-21 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Jupp, Ethan. 9 cars with the best pop‑up headlights. Goodwood. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02).
- ^ Akpejeluh, Peter. 10 Little-Known Cars That Featured Pop-Up Headlights. Hot Cars. 2022-07-28 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Lister Storm (1993). Autozine. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Heseltine, Richard. Lombardi Grand Prix: supercar in miniature. Classic & Sports Car. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Lotus Eclat 1975 - 1982. Evoke Classics. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-08).
- ^ Lotus Elan +2 car, with raised pop up headlights. Alamy. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Lotus Elite Type 75. Drives Today. 2021-06-07 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Top Gear - Lotus Esprit Turbo. Lotus Esprit Turbo. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-09).
- ^ Adams, Keith. Whither the Lotus Excel?. Car Magazine UK. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ 1975 MANTA MIRAGE. Volo Auto Museum. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-26).
- ^ Gnaticov, Cristian. Maserati Bora Is Exactly Half A Century Old, And It Has Never Looked Better. Carscoops. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-22).
- ^ Patrascu, Daniel. Ten Iconic Cars with Concealed Headlights. Auto Evolution. 2018-11-25 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Maserati celebrates the 50th anniversary of the first Indy coupé delivery. Maserati. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-04).
- ^ Driving the Maserati Khamsin. Classic Cars Magazine. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ McKay, Malcolm. Buyer's guide: Maserati Merak. Classic & Sports Car. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ M530 Design & Specs. Matra Club. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-30).
- ^ Matra-Simca Bagheera. Unique Cars and Parts. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Carr, Roger. 1982 Talbot-Matra Murena 1600 – What Is French For Rarity?. Curbside Classic. 2016-03-17 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-15).
- ^ 1985 Mazda 929 front pop up lights. Driven to Write. 2016-04-07 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ 1990 Mazda 323 Astina Review. Drive.com Australia. 2016-11-14 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ What Happened To The MX-5 Miata's Pop-Up Headlights?. Casual Car Guide. 2022-05-06 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-09).
- ^ Georgiou, Theodoros. 10 Things Every Enthusiast Should Know About The Mazda RX-7. Top Speed. 2022-12-16.
- ^ 1991 Mercury Capri (PDF). Auto Brochures. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-21).
- ^ Earnest, Brian. Car of the Week: 1970 Mercury Cyclone Spoiler. Old Cars Weekly. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Clarke, Adam. Souped-Up 1970 Mercury Montego MX Brougham. Barn Finds. 2020-12-29 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Manalo, Karlo. 15 Cars That Remind Us Why We Miss Pop-Up Headlights. Hot Cars. 2020-05-27 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ AYOMIKUN, OLUWAFEMI. A Look Back At The 1990 Mitsubishi Eclipse. Hot Cars. 2022-03-26 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Kimberley, Matt. A Quick Drive In A Mitsubishi Starion Was 20 Minutes I Won't Forget. Car Throttle. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Dredge, Richard. Cars That Time Forgot: Monica 560. Hagerty. 2021-07-05 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-30).
- ^ The Ultimate S13 guide. Car Throttle. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ Lewis, Corey. Rare Rides: The Glorious 1988 Nissan Pulsar Sportbak, Where EXA Meets Canopy. The Truth About Cars. 2018-03-15 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Butera, Gene. Tested: 1968 Oldsmobile Toronado. Car and Driver. 2020-11-10 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Koch, Jeff. Pangra!. Hemmings. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Berg, Nik. Solo Launch: How Britain's spaceship '90s sports car failed upon lift-off. Hagerty. 2022-03-16 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-08).
- ^ Kierstein, Alex. Watch This Six-Wheeled 8.2-liter V8 Panther 6 Fire Up. Road & Track. 2015-08-11 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Norman, Kenny. A Detailed Look Back At The Plymouth Laser. Hot Cars. 2021-01-18 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Karn, Medha. Here's Why The Pontiac Fiero Was Discontinued. Hot Cars. 2021-01-23 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Martin, Martin. Junkyard Find: 1989 Pontiac Sunbird GT Turbo. The Truth About Cars. 2019-02-18 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Courter, Josh. Rare American Classic Car: The Pontiac Tojan. Street Muscle Magazine. 2013-10-18 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-08).
- ^ Halas, John. Rare Slantnose 1988 Porsche 911 Turbo Cabriolet With Under 14k Miles. Carscoops.
- ^ Torchinsky, Jason. The Porsche 914's Pop-Up Headlights Had A Grisly Secret. The Autopian. 2022-08-05 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Porsche 924. Porsche. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-28).
- ^ Porsche 928. Porsche. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-09).
- ^ Briston, Daniel. Porsche 944 1985 model year with pop up headlights lit up in an urban tunnel. Alamy. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-08).
- ^ Schrader, Stef. Why This Porsche 911 Turbo With Weird Pod Headlamps Was So, So Rare. Jalopnik. 2016-12-23 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Porsche 968. Porsche. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-29).
- ^ O'Callaghan, Daniel. Missing its Moment: The Reliant Scimitar SS1. Driven to Write. 2021-12-17 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Potts, Greg. We badly want this glorious Saab Sonett III. Top Gear. 2021-03-04 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-21).
- ^ Hughes, Justin. My Saturn SC2 Kept Up With BMWs at My First Track Day. The Drive. 2017-06-08 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-05).
- ^ Hunting, Benjamin. 1985-1991 SUBARU XT: THE TURBO WEDGE THAT TIME FORGOT. Driving Line. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Kierse, Matthias. SIATA 208 CS. Secret Classics. 2021-07-05 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Hacker, Geoff. The 1971 Siva 160 Spyder – Limited Production UK Sports Car. Undiscovered Classics. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- ^ 161.0 161.1 Akhim, Eugenia. Here's Everything You Need To Know About The Spectre R42. Hot Cars. 2022-09-08 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Skoda UVMV 1100 GT Specs. ultimate SPECS. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Tsui, Chris. Kanye's Ride in the 'Runaway' Video Was an Obscure Czech Supercar. The Drive. 2021-11-12 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-03).
- ^ Branch, Jon. There's A Rare Toyota 2000GT For Sale. Silodrome. 2023-01-27 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-04).
- ^ Tucker, Mark. Drop-Top Toyota Celica or Doorstop-Shaped Subaru XT6: Choose Your Pop-Up Headlights. The Autopian. 2022-05-09 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-03).
- ^ McAleer, Brendan. 1980s Toyota Corolla AE86 Restomods Are the Most Awesome Alternative-Energy Vehicles Out There. Car and Driver. 2023-01-13 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-05).
- ^ 10 famous cars to come with pop-up headlights. Philkotse. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Leadbetter, Dave. Prime Find of the Week: Not Exactly Another Corolla. Via Retro. 2020-04-25 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Webber, John. The Last Waltz: Triumph TR7/TR8. Classic Motorsports. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-15).
- ^ 170.0 170.1 170.2 170.3 170.4 170.5 TVR Tasmin. Classic Motoring. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-19).
- ^ Driver, Jon. TVR 350SE road test. Drive My. 2014-09-15 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-09).
- ^ Branch, Ben. The Venturi 400 GT Trophy – A Rare Twin-Turbo French Supercar. Silodrome. 2019-01-24 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Streeter, Mercedes. The Venturi 300 Atlantique Is A French Supercar You've Likely Never Heard Of. Jalopnik. 2022-02-23 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ MVS Venturi (1986). Autozine. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-24).
- ^ Streeter, Mercedes. This 48-Mile Volvo 480 ES Is One Of The Coolest Cars You Can Import. Jalopnik. 2022-01-25 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Radu, Vlad. 25 Years Ago, Vector Revealed the M12, a Crazy, American-Built Lamborghini Diablo. Auto Evolution. 2021-09-30 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Singh Pundir, Arun. Ranking The Fastest Sports Cars With Pop-Up Headlights Ever. Hot Cars. 2022-02-24 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Arex 601. Autocade. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Foster, Pat. I Don't Want to Love the Zimmer Quicksilver, But I Do. Hemmings. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).
- ^ Alfa Roméo Type 8C 2, 31. CITÉ DE L'AUTOMOBILE. [2021-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-01).
- ^ Keisei AE100 Series. All About Japanese Trains. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-09).
- ^ 20000系 楽(らく). 近畿日本铁道. [2023-05-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-24).
- ^ First two-wheeled vehicle with retractable headlights. Honda Japan. March 7, 1983 [2023-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ Brownell, Bradley. Honda's Elite 150 Is The Coolest Scooter With A Pop-Up Headlight. Jalopnik. 2018-04 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-06).
- ^ 31. Pegaso 5226 Obradors. d'Autobusos Clàssics. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-10).
- ^ Racing into the future. Diecast Collector. [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-11).
- ^ Streeter, Mercedes. Suzuki Made A Rad Futuristic Motorcycle With A Pop-Up Headlight. Jalopnik. 2022-03-25 [2023-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-10).