隐藏式头灯

不使用時可以藏入汽車中的車頭燈設計

隐藏式头灯,或称弹出式头灯(跳灯)翻盖头灯(掀灯),是一种车身设计及车灯型式,当头灯不使用时可以藏入汽车中。隐藏式头灯盛行于1970到1990年代中期,因为关闭阖上时能减少风阻、维持流线造型,故深受跑车爱戴,不管是欧系、美系或日系跑车,几乎都把隐藏式头灯纳入设计之中。[1]

马自达323 Astina的隐藏式头灯。

隐藏式头灯有着各式各样的设计型式,车灯可以安装在平躺的站立式灯罩中(例如蓝宝基尼Miura保时捷928)、缩入引擎盖或挡泥板中(例如雪佛兰科尔维特(1963–2004))或者隐藏在可伸缩或旋转的格栅板后(例如道奇Charger(1966–1970)、水星Cyclone(1970–1971)及别克Riviera(1965))。

历史

出现

隐藏式头灯首次出现于1935年在纽约车展[2]亮相的Cord 810英语Cord 810/812。Cord 810车身表面看不到车灯,而在仪表板两侧装有一对连杆来手动启闭头灯。[3]当手动摇动连杆时,隐藏在翼板的车灯就会翻出。[4]隔年,一辆经改装的爱快罗密欧·罗密欧8C也安装了类似的隐藏式头灯。[5]1938年,GM推出别克Y-Job英语Buick Y-Job概念车,首度采用电力驱动的隐藏式头灯[6]。随后几年,这样的车灯设计在不断出现其他多款概念车中,例如1951年推出的通用 Le Sabre英语General Motors Le Sabre[7]不过,电动隐藏式头灯的设计直到1962年才首次出现在量产车上,由莲花Elan英语Lotus Elan采用。[8]

流行

1968年,美国政府颁布新版《联邦机动车辆安全标准108英语Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108》(FMVSS 108),规定汽车车灯是两个或者四个圆形密封大灯,并且禁止在前面安装保护性或者装饰性物件。[9]如此一来,车商就无法在美国销售的汽车使用流线型设计的灯罩以降低阻力,例如捷豹E-Type S1原有的流线型灯罩在1968年推出的S2上就被迫取消。[10]为因应美国法律规范,隐藏式头灯在1960年代中后期迅速流行起来,在1970至2000年代初期即有相当多的车型采用隐藏式头灯。

1974年,美国FMVSS的另一条新规让隐藏式大灯更加蓬勃发展。根据条文规定,汽车大灯高度不得低于24英寸(61 cm),而跑车因为车身低矮,多数跑车的大灯无法达到美国新要求的24英寸最低高度。不过,若将隐藏式大灯设在车头顶部跳起后正好可以增加大灯高度,因此车辆制造商便常使用隐藏式头灯来规避美国对于车辆头灯高度的法规。[10]例如,丰田在1983年将AE86的隐藏式头灯版本Sprinter Trueno引进美国,而非使用固定式前大灯的Levin,因为前者头灯开启后的高度符合美国法规。[11]这样一来车商就不需要拉高车身高度,进而影响操控性能。

衰退

1981年,福特汽车递交改革FMVSS 108的请愿书,并于1983年获得通过。[10]自此,美国汽车大灯的设计不再受到僵硬的法规局限。随着美国法律允许使用流线型设计的头灯,隐藏式头灯便失去存在意义,逐渐从汽车设计上淘汰。[10]与现今的流线型头灯比较,隐藏式头灯不但成本高昂、笨重且复杂,并且会随着汽车老化而故障。此外,世界车辆法规协调论坛所制定的汽车安全法规开始纳入保护行人的条款并限制车身突出部的设计,这使得要设计出符合规范的隐藏式头灯变得更加困难且昂贵。为了提高车辆能见度,部分国家也开始要求全天候开启头灯,只有停车熄火时才能关闭头灯,如此一来更降低了车厂采用隐藏式头灯的意愿。[1]

最后两款使用隐藏式头灯的量产车是莲花Esprit和雪佛兰科尔维特(C5)。两者于2004年停产后,便再无量产车使用隐藏式头灯。 [12] [13] 投射式头灯以及LED头灯的出现,实际上完全消除了车商对隐藏式大灯的需求。

虽然自2004年以来的新车就不再使用隐藏式头灯,但事实上隐藏式头灯并没有被完全禁止,因此这类头灯设计仍然可以在当今的新款车辆中应用,如Ares Design Project1英语Ares Design Project1[14]

其他车种中的应用

虽然隐藏式头灯大多是安装在汽车上的,但也有少数安装在其他车种中,例如摩哆车本田Elite 150/光阳名流150)、[15] 大客车(Pegaso-Obradors)以及铁路列车京成AE100型电联车)。

部分采用实例

量产车

名称 开始生产 停止生产 参考
AC 3000ME英语AC 3000ME 1979 1984 [16]
Ares Design Project1英语Ares Design Project1[1] 2018 2018 [17]
Adams Brothers Probe 15英语Probe 16 1969 1969 [18]
Adams Brothers Probe 16英语Probe 16 1969 1970 [18]
Adams Brothers Probe 2001英语Probe 16 1970 1972 [18]
爱快罗密欧·罗密欧Montreal英语Alfa Romeo Montreal 1970 1977 [19]
雷诺Alpine A610英语Renault Alpine GTA/A610 1991 1995 [20]
雷诺Alpine GTA英语Renault Alpine GTA/A610[2] 1987 1987 [21]
阿斯顿·马丁Lagonda英语Aston Martin Lagonda 1976 1989 [22]
阿斯顿·马丁Vantage Zagato Volante英语Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977) 1986 1989 [23]
Bitter CD & SC英语Bitter Cars 1973 1979 [24][25]
布里克林SV-1英语Bricklin SV-1 1974 1976 [26]
BMW 8系列(E31) 1989 1999 [27]
BMW M1 1978 1981 [28]
别克Reatta英语Buick Reatta 1988 1991 [29]
别克Riviera英语Buick Riviera 1965 1969 [30]
别克SkyHawk英语Buick SkyHawk 1986 1989 [31]
凯迪拉克Eldorado英语Cadillac Eldorado 1967 1968 [32]
雪佛兰卡玛洛 1967 1969 [33]
雪佛兰Caprice英语Chevrolet Caprice 1968 1969 [34]
雪佛兰科尔维特 1963 2004 [35][36]
雪佛兰Kingswood Estate英语Chevrolet Kingswood Estate 1969 1969 [37]
克莱斯勒300英语Chrysler 300 1968 1971 [36]
克莱斯勒Imperial英语Chrysler Imperial 1969 1993 [38]
克莱斯勒LeBaron英语Chrysler LeBaron 1987 1992 [36]
克莱斯勒New Yorker Fifth Avenue英语Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue 1990 1993 [39]
克莱斯勒New Yorker英语Chrysler New Yorker 1976 1981 [40]
西采塔V16T英语Cizeta-Moroder V16T 1991 2003 [41]
Clan Clover英语Clan (car) 1984 1988 [42]
Cord 810/812英语Cord 810/812 1936 1937 [43]
Covini B24英语Covini Engineering#B24 1981 1981 [44]
DARE DZ德语Dare (UK) 1998 1999 [45]
DeSoto英语DeSoto (automobile) 1942 1942 [46]
德·托马索Mangusta英语De Tomaso Mangusta 1970 1971 [47]
德·托马索Pantera英语De Tomaso Pantera 1971 1974 [48]
德·托马索Guarà英语De Tomaso Guarà 1993 2004 [49]
道奇Charger 1966 1970 [50]
道奇Charger Daytona英语Dodge Charger Daytona 1969 1970 [51]
道奇Daytona英语Dodge Daytona 1987 1991 [52]
道奇Magnum英语Dodge Magnum 1978 1979 [31]
道奇Monaco英语Dodge Monaco 1972 1973 [53]
道奇Stealth 1991 1993 [54]
道奇St. Regis英语Dodge St. Regis 1979 1981 [55]
鹰牌Talon英语Eagle Talon 1990 1991 [56]
Evante Sports 1600 Mk.2英语Evante 1985 1994 [57]
法拉利 GT4英语Ferrari GT4 1974 1980 [58]
法拉利288GTO英语Ferrari 288 GTO 1984 1985 [59]
法拉利308英语Ferrari 308 GTB/GTS 1975 1984 [60]
法拉利328 1985 1989 [61]
法拉利348英语Ferrari 348 1989 1995 [62]
法拉利365 California Spyder英语Ferrari 365 1966 1967 [63]
法拉利Daytona英语Ferrari Daytona 1971 1973 [64]
法拉利Daytona SP3英语Ferrari Daytona SP3 2022 2023 [65]
法拉利400/412英语Ferrari 400 1976 1989 [66][67]
法拉利456/456M英语Ferrari 456 1992 2003 [68]
法拉利Berlinetta Boxer英语Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer 1973 1984 [69]
法拉利F355英语Ferrari F355 1994 1999 [70]
法拉利F40 1987 1992 [71]
法拉利Mondial英语Ferrari Mondial 1980 1995 [72]
法拉利特斯塔罗萨512TR 1984 1994 [73]
飞霞125 Samantha英语Fiat 125#Variations 1967 1967 [74]
飞霞X1/9英语Fiat X1/9 1972 1989 [75]
福特/水星Capri英语Ford Capri (Australia) 1989 1994 [76]
福特Galaxie 500 XL英语Ford Galaxie#1969–1974 1968 1970 [77]
福特LTD英语Ford LTD (Americas)[3] 1968 1978 [78]
福特Fairlane英语Ford Fairlane (Australia) 1973 1976 [79]
福特Landau英语Ford Landau (Australia) 1973 1976 [80]
福特Probe英语Ford Probe 1989 1997 [81]
福特Ranchero GT英语Ford Ranchero 1970 1971 [82]
福特Thunderbird英语Ford Thunderbird 1967 1969 [55]
福特Torino Brougham英语Ford Torino 1970 1971 [55]
吉优Storm英语Geo Storm 1990 1991 [83]
吉列塔G23/24英语Ginetta Cars 1981 1981 [84]
吉列塔G26/31英语Ginetta Cars#G26 1984 1986 [85]
吉列塔G27英语Ginetta Cars#G27 1986 1990 [86]
吉列塔G32英语Ginetta G32 1989 1992 [87]
吉列塔G33英语Ginetta Cars#G33 1991 1991 [88]
Hofstetter Turbo英语Hofstetter Turbo 1986 1991 [89]
本田Accord/Accord Aerodeck 1986 1989 [90]
本田Ballade英语Honda Ballade#1984–1987 1984 1987 [91]
本田Integra/路华416 1986 1989 [92]
本田NSX 1990 2001 [93]
本田Prelude英语Honda Prelude 1983 1991 [81]
本田Vigor英语Honda Vigor 1986 1989 [94]
Irish Clan英语Clan (car) 1982 1982 [95]
Isdera Imperator 108i 1991 1993 [96]
Iso Lele英语Iso Lele 1969 1974 [97]
Iso Grifo英语Iso Grifo 1965 1974 [98]
五十铃Piazza英语Isuzu Piazza[4] 1981 1993 [83]
捷豹XJ220英语Jaguar XJ220 1992 1994 [99]
蓝宝基尼Countach 1974 1990 [100]
蓝宝基尼Diablo 1990 1998 [101]
蓝宝基尼Islero英语Lamborghini Islero 1968 1970 [102]
蓝宝基尼Jalpa 1981 1988 [103]
蓝宝基尼Jarama英语Lamborghini Jarama 1970 1976 [104]
蓝宝基尼Urraco英语Lamborghini Urraco 1973 1979 [105]
蓝宝基尼Miura 1966 1973 [106]
蓝宝基尼Silhouette英语Lamborghini Silhouette 1976 1979 [107]
蓝旗亚Scorpion英语Lancia Scorpion 1975 1979 [108]
兰吉雅Stratos英语Lancia Stratos 1972 1973 [109]
Ledl AS德语Ledl AS 1981 1987 [110]
林肯大陆 1968 1983 [55]
Lister Storm英语Lister Storm 1993 1999 [111]
Lombardi Grand Prix英语Lombardi Grand Prix 1968 1972 [112]
莲花Éclat英语Lotus Éclat 1975 1982 [113]
莲花Elan英语Lotus Elan 1962 1995 [114]
莲花Elite英语Lotus Elite 1974 1982 [115]
莲花Esprit英语Lotus Esprit 1976 2004 [116]
莲花Excel英语Lotus Excel 1982 1992 [117]
Manta Mirage英语Manta Mirage 1974 1986 [118]
玛莎拉蒂宝来英语Maserati Bora 1971 1980 [119]
玛莎拉蒂Ghibli英语Maserati Ghibli 1966 1973 [120]
玛莎拉蒂Indy英语Maserati Indy 1969 1974 [121]
玛莎拉蒂Khamsin英语Maserati Khamsin 1974 1982 [122]
玛莎拉蒂Merak英语Maserati Merak 1972 1982 [123]
Matra 530英语Matra 530 1967 1973 [124]
Matra Bagheera英语Matra Bagheera 1973 1980 [125]
Matra Murena英语Matra Murena 1980 1983 [126]
马自达Cosmo/929 HB coupé 1981 1989 [127]
马自达323 Astina 1989 1994 [128]
马自达MX-5(NA) 1989 1997 [129]
马自达RX-7 1978 2002 [130]
水星Capri英语Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994) 1991 1994 [131]
水星Cougar英语Mercury Cougar 1967 1970 [77]
水星Cyclone英语Mercury Cyclone 1970 1971 [132]
水星Marauder英语Mercury Marauder 1969 1970 [36]
水星Marquis英语Mercury Marquis 1969 1978 [36]
水星Montego MX英语Mercury Montego 1970 1971 [133]
三菱GTO/3000GT 1991 1993 [134]
三菱Eclipse 1990 1991 [135]
三菱Starion英语Mitsubishi Starion 1982 1990 [136]
Monica 560英语Monica (automobile) 1973 1974 [137]
日产180SX英语Nissan 180SX/日产200SX英语Nissan 200SX/日产240SX英语Nissan 240SX 1989 1998 [138]
日产3000ZX (Z31) 1984 1989 [83]
日产Pulsar EXA英语Nissan EXA 1983 1990 [139]
奥兹摩比Toronado英语Oldsmobile Toronado 1966 1969 [140]
欧宝GT英语Opel_GT 1968 1973 [46]
Pangra英语Pangra 1972 1973 [141]
Panther Solo英语Panther Solo 1989 1990 [142]
Panther 6英语Panther 6 1976 1977 [143]
普利茅斯Fury英语Plymouth Fury 1970 1971 [55]
普利茅斯Fury III英语Plymouth Fury 1972 1972 [55]
普利茅斯Laser英语Plymouth Laser 1990 1991 [144]
普利茅斯Superbird英语Plymouth Superbird 1970 1970 [55]
庞蒂亚克Fiero英语Pontiac Fiero 1984 1988 [145]
庞蒂亚克火鸟 [5] 1982 2002 [83]
庞蒂亚克Grand Prix英语Pontiac Grand Prix 1967 1968 [55]
庞蒂亚克GTO英语Pontiac GTO 1968 1969 [55]
庞蒂亚克Sunbird英语Pontiac Sunbird SE/GT 1986 1993 [146]
庞蒂亚克Tojan英语Pontiac Tojan 1985 1991 [147]
保时捷911 Turbo SE 'Slantnose' 1985 1989, [148]
保时捷914英语Porsche 914 1969 1976 [149]
保时捷924英语Porsche 924 1976 1988 [150]
保时捷928英语Porsche 928 1978 1995 [151]
保时捷944 1982 1991 [152]
保时捷964 Turbo S 'Flatnose' 1994 1994 [153]
保时捷968 1991 1994 [154]
里来恩特Scimitar SS1/SST/Sabre英语Reliant Scimitar 1984 1995 [155]
绅宝Sonett III英语Saab Sonett 1970 1974 [156]
土星SC2英语Saturn S-Series#First Generation SC 1991 1996 [157]
SubaruAlcyone 1985 1991 [158]
Siata 208 CS英语Siata 208 CS 1952 1954 [159]
Siva S160 Spyder英语Siva S160 Spyder 1971 1973 [160]
Spectre R42英语Spectre R42 1995 1998 [161]
斯柯达1100 GT英语ÚVMV 1100 GT 1970 1970 [162]
MTX Tatra V8英语MTX Tatra V8 1991 1991 [163]
丰田2000GT 1967 1970 [164]
丰田Celica 1984 1993 [165]
丰田MR2 1984 1999 [161]
丰田Sprinter Trueno/Corolla coupé 1983 1991 [166]
丰田牛魔王 1982 1992 [167]
丰田Tercel[6] 1986 1990 [168]
凯旋TR7/TR8英语Triumph TR8 1975 1982 [169]
TVR 350i、350SX英语TVR 350i 1983 1989 [170]
TVR 350SE英语TVR 350SE 1990 1991 [171]
TVR 390SE、420SE英语TVR 390SE 1984 1989 [170]
TVR 400SE、400SX、430SE、450SE英语TVR 400SE 1988 1991 [170]
TVR 420 SEAC英语TVR 420 SEAC 1986 1988 [170]
TVR 450 SEAC英语TVR 450 SEAC 1988 1989 [170]
TVR Tasmin 280i, Tasmin 200英语TVR Tasmin 280i 1980 1988 [170]
文图里400 GT英语Venturi 400 1994 1997 [172]
文图里Atlantique英语Venturi Atlantique 1987 1999 [173]
文图里Coupé系列/Transcup 1987 1996 [174]
富豪480英语Volvo 480 1986 1995 [175]
Vector M12英语Vector M12 1995 1999 [176]
Vector W8英语Vector W8 1989 1993 [177]
裕隆精兵601 1993 1995 [178]
Zimmer Quicksilver英语Zimmer (automobile) 1986 1990 [179]

其他车种

名称 车种 开始生产 停产/退役 参考
爱快罗密欧·罗密欧8C英语Alfa Romeo 8C 2900A Pininfarina Berlinetta [7] 定制改装车 1936 1936 [180]
京成AE100型电联车 铁路机车 1990 2016 [181]
近铁20000系电联车日语近鉄20000系電車“楽” 铁路机车 1990 [182]
本田Elite 150/光阳名流150 踏板式摩托车 1984 1987 [183][184]
Pegaso-Obradors 大客车 1992 [185]
路华-BRM英语Rover-BRM 赛车 1963 1965 [186]
铃木GSX750S Katana英语Suzuki Katana 摩哆车 1984 1985 [187]

图库

另见

参考

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