肺高压
肺高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH,PHTN)或肺动脉高压,是肺动脉压力持续性超过正常值的病理状态。一般定义静息下,肺动脉收缩压超过30mmHg或舒张压超过15mmHg,或是肺动脉均压(mPAP)超过20mmHg,即为肺动脉高压[1]。肺动脉高压可引起肺内血流动力学改变和右心功能障碍。
肺高压 | |
---|---|
肺高压患者的血管的显微切片,可见肺动脉血管内膜和中膜明显增厚。 | |
类型 | 高血压[*]、高血压、疾病 |
分类和外部资源 | |
医学专科 | 胸腔医学、心脏病学 |
ICD-11 | BB01 |
DiseasesDB | 10998 |
MedlinePlus | 000112 |
eMedicine | 361242、303098 |
Orphanet | 71198 |
肺高压会造成疲劳、劳力性呼吸困难、胸部不适、头晕、昏厥、下肢水肿,肺高压患者会因为心脏负荷增加令运动能力急速下降,以及发生其他症状,可引致心脏衰竭导致病患死亡[2]。此症于1891年由恩斯特·冯·伦伯格首次描述[3]。根据最新的分类,肺高压共有六种形式[4]。
症状及征象
较罕见的症状包含干咳、运动时晕眩和呕吐[6]。部分患者有咳血的现象,特别是肺高压的某些亚型,如遗传性肺动脉高压、艾森门格症侯群,和慢性栓塞型肺动脉高压等[8]。肺静脉高压的典型症状为卧姿时呼吸困难(端坐呼吸及阵发性夜间呼吸困难),肺动脉高压则无此现象[9]。
其他典型症状包含较强的第二心音。另外右心室肥大也会造成右心室产生第三心音,以及胸骨旁起伏。右心衰竭导致的全身性郁血则可能合并有颈静脉屈张、腹水,以及肝颈动脉回流[6][7][10] 。
病因
肺高压的病因常不明,也可由呼吸系统、循环系统疾病导致的肺动脉压力增高。1973年,世界卫生组织首次尝试将肺高压分类,当时分为原发性肺高压,以及次发性肺高压两大类,并将初级肺高压分为“丛状动脉型”(arterial plexiform)、“静脉阻塞型”(veno-occlusive),以及“血栓栓塞型”(thromboembolic)等[12]。1988年埃维昂莱班会议将次级肺高压按原因分类[13]。随着新研究的进展,2008年在达纳角召开的第四届世界肺动脉高压研讨会更新了定义。以下为达纳点的分类系统[4]:
治疗
肺高压可利用药物控制病情发展的程度,若针对第一型肺动脉高目前主要分有三种不同的标靶治疗途径: 1.内皮素1 2前列环素(PGI:途径) 3一氧化氮途径 而目前针对此三种不同途径的药物如下列所述: 1.内皮素1途径--Bosentan、Macitentan(双重ETA-ETB拮抗剂)、Ambrisentan(选择性ETA受体拮抗剂) 2.前列环素(PG₂I)途径--Epoprostenol、lloprost、Treprostinil(三者皆为PGl₂类似剂)、Selexipag(PGl受体奋剂) 3.一氧化氮途径--一氧化氮气体(刺激可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶)、Sildenafil(PDE5抑利剂)、口服Riociguat(直接sGC刺激剂)[14] 由于肺高压不能根治,若已引发较严重的心脏衰竭,就需要进行心肺移植,由于器官移植轮候需时,所以一旦确诊,除药物控制病情外,医生都会安排病人排入器官移植的等候名单,以期病人在症状恶化至严重心脏衰竭前,有适合器官进行移植手术[15]。
参考文献
- ^ Galiè N, McLaughlin VV, Rubin LJ, Simonneau G. An overview of the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan 24;53(1):1802148. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02148-2018. PMID 30552088; PMCID: PMC6351332.
- ^ Pulmonary hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05).
- ^ von Romberg, Ernst. Über Sklerose der Lungenarterie. Dtsch Arch Klin Med. 1891–1892, 48: 197–206 (德语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Simonneau G, Robbins I, Beghetti M, et al. Updated Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009-06-30, 54 (1 Suppl S): S43–S54 [2016-12-07]. PMID 19555858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.012. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension? - NHLBI, NIH. www.nhlbi.nih.gov. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). European Heart Journal. 2016-01-01, 37 (1): 67–119. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 26320113. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009-04-28, 53 (17): 1573–1619. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 19389575. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.004.
- ^ Diller, Gerhard-Paul; Gatzoulis, Michael A. Pulmonary vascular disease in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007-02-27, 115 (8): 1039–1050. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 17325254. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592386.
- ^ Fang JC, DeMarco T, Givertz MM, et al. World Health Organization Pulmonary Hypertension group 2: pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease in the adult--a summary statement from the Pulmonary Hypertension Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: The Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2012-09-01, 31 (9): 913–933. ISSN 1557-3117. PMID 22884380. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2012.06.002.
- ^ Yusuf, Salim; Cairns, John; Camm, John; Fallen, Ernest L.; Gersh, Bernard J. Evidence-Based Cardiology. John Wiley & Sons. 2011-09-07: 70.3(figure) [2016-12-07]. ISBN 9781444359459. (原始内容存档于2020-08-19).
- ^ Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications. emedicine.medscape.com. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-01).
- ^ Hatano S, Strasser R. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1975.
- ^ Rich S, Rubin LJ, Abenhail L, et al. Executive summary from the World Symposium on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (Evian, France, September 6–10, 1998). Geneva: The World Health Organization. 1998. (原始内容存档于2002-04-08).
- ^ Hassoun, Paul M. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021-12-16, 385 (25): 2361–2376 [2023-05-28]. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2000348. (原始内容存档于2023-05-28).
- ^ 喘到心臟衰竭! 淺談肺動脈高壓. 全民健康基金会. [2018-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-18).
延伸阅读
- Rubin LJ, Badesch DB. Evaluation and management of the patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005, 143 (4): 282–92 [2016-12-07]. PMID 16103472. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-4-200508160-00009. (原始内容存档于2009-06-17).
- Abman, SH; Hansmann, G; Archer, SL; Ivy, DD; Adatia, I; Chung, WK; Hanna, BD; Rosenzweig, EB; Raj, JU; Cornfield, D; Stenmark, KR; Steinhorn, R; Thébaud, B; Fineman, JR; Kuehne, T; Feinstein, JA; Friedberg, MK; Earing, M; Barst, RJ; Keller, RL; Kinsella, JP; Mullen, M; Deterding, R; Kulik, T; Mallory, G; Humpl, T; Wessel, DL. Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: Guidelines From the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society.. Circulation. 2015-11-03, 132: 2037–99. PMID 26534956. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000329.
参见
外部链接
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association
- European Pulmonary Hypertension Association (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Merck Manual Home Edition: Pulmonary Hypertension (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- PH Central - the internet resource for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Webcast: The Changing World of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Therapies - American College of CHEST Physicians (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- OMIM entries on Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association of Australia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)