維基百科

單倍群Q-M242

單倍群Q-M242 （英語：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人類Y染色體DNA單倍群之一，Q是單倍群P下游P1的一個分支（另一個分支是單倍群R）。

單倍群Q
起源時間1,7200-3,1700年前 [1][2][3] (大約2,4500年前)
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中亞[4][5] 、西伯利亞[2]
上游單倍群P1-M45
下游單倍群Q1 (L232/S432)
對應突變M242 rs8179021
分布區域克季人 93.8%,[6]

土庫曼人（卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國、約穆特人 ）73%,[7] 塞爾庫普人 66.4%.,[6]圖瓦人 62.5%.,[8] 切爾干人 60.0%.,[9] 圖巴拉爾人 41%,[9] 西伯利亞韃靼人 38%,[10]

其他突厥人, 因紐特人, 美國原住民, 葉尼塞語系, 泰國的阿卡人, 孟高棉語族以及有些阿薩姆邦部落

美洲原住民、土庫曼人、葉尼塞人、楚科奇人、堪察加人、圖瓦人、達雅人、阿卡人等是世界上擁有最高單倍群Q頻率的族群。單倍群Q在其他北亞人、西亞人、中亞人、東亞人、歐洲人等中也有少量分佈。[11]

起源

單倍群Q-M242是單倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支為R-M207）。目前的假說認為大約在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿爾泰地區[2]。

系統發生樹

下面是2015年ISOGG樹。

  • Q-M242 M242
    • Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
      • Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
        • Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
          • Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
            • Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
          • Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b)
            • Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
        • Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
          • Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
            • Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
              • Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
                • Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
                  • Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
                • Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
              • Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
              • Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
          • Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
          • Q-F1161 F1161
            • Q-L527 L527
      • Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b)
        • Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1)
          • Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
            • Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
        • Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68)

子單倍群的分布

分布

美洲

前哥倫比亞時期的美洲土著人民擁有高頻單倍群Q。這是因為遷徙新大陸模型：他們從遠東穿過白令海峽移民到美洲。[2]

北美洲

北美46%的Q為Q-M3[44]

格陵蘭：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家發現了一個4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近遠東的Koryak和楚科奇人。[45]

瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均頻率：82%。凱克卡塔有最低頻率：30%。[46]

2010年，3.1%的美國男性為Q-M242。[47]

民族 美國人口百分比 † 單倍群Q頻率
白人 63.7% Q-P36*0.6%, Q-M3 0.1%
西班牙裔美國人 16.3% Q-P36*3.8%, Q-M3 7.9%
黑人 12.6% Q-P36*(xM3) 0.2%
亞裔美國人 4.8% ~0%
美洲原住民 ‡ 0.9% Q-P36*31.2%和

, Q-M3 26.9%

來源 :[47]† 2010年美國人口普查[48]

‡大陸和阿拉斯卡，不包括太平洋島嶼

中南美洲

94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民擁有單倍群Q。[49]具有Q-M242單倍群的人群建立了許多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如：

由於歐洲的入侵以及大屠殺，很多現代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的。但是與北美相比，單倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。

國家分布：

亞洲

Q-M242起源於東亞。[2] 很多民族擁有這個單倍群：

北亞

西伯利亞、阿爾泰、貝加爾湖的民族Q-M242較多。[69]

  • 所有阿爾泰樣本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3
    • 切爾干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)，
    • 圖巴拉爾人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346)
    • Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120)
    • 阿爾泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 )[9] 或25.8%[70]（全部）

東亞

中國[17][18]

  • 2011年，復旦大學：3.3% (12/361)。[76]
  • 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。[77]

蒙古

朝鮮人：1.9%[84][85][86]

日本：0.3％[87][80][88][20][19] (靜岡、埼玉縣)

東南亞

東南亞（或東協）：[66]

越南：7.1%[89][90]

緬甸：2.8% (3/106）[91]

中亞

西亞

伊朗：5.5% (52/938)[30]

其他研究結果得出的頻率接近。[99][100][101]

其他西亞國家：

高加索：[100]

南亞

阿富汗人：6.9%；普什圖人：8.4% (9/49: 8個Q*，1個Q-M346)[13]

巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的東部：2.2% (14/638)[108]~3.4% (6/176).[28]

印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各階層（印度種姓制度）；有罕見的Q-MEH2[5]

孟加拉國：9.7% (23/237: 查克馬 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章將Q-M242歸為P*(x R1,R2).[111]

尼泊爾的加德滿都：1.2% Q-M242[24]

斯里蘭卡：3.3% Q-M242[89]

歐洲

東歐

中歐、東歐、俄羅斯：1.7%男性為Q-M242

北歐

北歐：2.5%男性。

西歐

南歐

阿什肯納茲猶太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36[40]

塞法迪猶太人：2.3% (4/174)[138]~5.6% (3/53)[139]

也許由可薩人征服歐洲帶來。

非洲

埃及人：0.7% (1/147),[33]

阿爾及利亞：0.6% (1/156)[100]

葛摩、東非、馬達加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也許因為南島語系從中國移民到東非；或明朝的鄭和)

世界上大約3.1%的男性為Q-M242。

古代考古遺址

參見

Subclades

單倍群進化樹

人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群進化樹

Y染色體最近共同祖先
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

各族群Y染色體單倍型類群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

閱讀

外部連結

參考文獻

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  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678  . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 
  50. ^ Vullo, Carlos; et al. Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations. Int J Legal Med. 2014, 129 (4): 673–680. PMID 24878616. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x. 
  51. ^ Söchtig, Jens; et al. Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala. BMC Genomics. 2015, 16: 131. PMC 4422311  . PMID 25887241. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1.  => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Natives (Mayans)+60% Ladinos. According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6%
  52. ^ Gaviria, A.; et al. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. 2013, 4 (1): e310–e311. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158. 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Battaglia; et al. The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (8): e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. PMC 3749222  . PMID 23990949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390. 
  54. ^ Martínez-Cortés, G; et al. Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 57 (9): 568–74. PMID 22832385. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.67. 
  55. ^ Lovo-Gómez, J; et al. The genetic male legacy from El Salvador. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007-09, 171 (2–3): 198–203. PMID 16916590. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005. 
  56. ^ Grugni. Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. PMC 4670172  . PMID 26636572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. 
  57. ^ Rojas, Win; et al. Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010, 143 (1): 13–20. PMID 20734436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. => (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestary, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1%
  58. ^ Núñez, Carolina; et al. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012, 6 (6): e192–e195. PMID 22770600. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011.  The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test.
  59. ^ Corach, Daniel; et al. Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010, 74 (1): 65–76. PMID 20059473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. 
  60. ^ Ramallo; et al. Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina. Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series. 2009-12, 2 (1): 431–432. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047. 
  61. ^ http://www.fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768[永久失效連結] (08)00138-8/fulltext(To read this document, allow cookies on your internet option), 5 out of 100 samples in the Y-STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q-M3.
  62. ^ Palha, T.; et al. Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. PMC 3393733  . PMID 22808085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007. => about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q.
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Jeffrey, T.; et al. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887  . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457.  The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q.
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al』Bina P.; Protod』Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–353. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  65. ^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676  . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Trejaut, J.A. Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia. BMC Genetics. 2014, 15: 77. PMC 4083334  . PMID 24965575. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. 
  68. ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 Cristofaro; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995  . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. 
  69. ^ Dulik, M C. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaian. Am J Hum Genet. 2012-02, 90 (2): 229–246. PMC 3276666  . PMID 22281367. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014. 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Malyarchuk, Boris; et al. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–588. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. 
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  81. ^ LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
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  83. ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, et al. (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.
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  86. ^ The frequencies of Q-M242 shown in both studies (Kim2010, Park2012) are 1.4% (7/506, Kim) and 1.8% (13/706, Park) respectively. But, if recalculated by regional population weights, the adjusted frequencies reach 1.87% (Kim) and 1.91% (Park) respectively, converging to 1.9%.
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  94. ^ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
  95. ^ Seielstad, Mark; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Singh, Nadia; Underhill, Peter; Oefner, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Wells, R. Spencer. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705 [2020-02-16]. doi:10.1086/377589. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16） （英語）. 
  96. ^ Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Pitchappan, R. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001-08-28, 98 (18): 10244–10249. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 56946  . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 （英語）. 
  97. ^ Malyarchuk, B; et al. Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013-01, 40 (1): 48–54. PMID 23198991. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628. 
  98. ^ Karafet; et al. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–628. PMC 1235490  . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. 
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  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Bekada, Asmahan; et al. Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e56775. PMC 3576335  . PMID 23431392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. 
  101. ^ The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling.
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  103. ^ According to scholars, early Sumerians called themselves 'black-headed people', and spoke an agglutinative language with the word order of SOV, which was quite different from common Semitic or Indo-European languages. Among Semitic languages, only Akkadian had SOV word order, which is due to the influence of the Sumerian language.(For more information, see Sumer, Sumerian Language, Akkadian language, and so on.) On the other hand, surprisingly, some ancient writings found in Bolivia such as Pokotia Monolith, have been interpreted with the Proto-Sumerian language. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/biados/texts/WintersPokotia.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  104. ^ Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. Am. J. Hum. Genet. April 2008, 82 (4): 873–82. PMC 2427286  . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. 
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  107. ^ To aggregate the results of Haber 2012 and Cristofaro 2013, the frequency of each ethnic group is 33.3% (25/75) in Turkmens, followed by 8.1% (11/136) in Pashtuns, 7.6% in Uzbeks (11/144), 4.4% in Hazara, 3.0% in Tajiks. Currently, Afghans consist of Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Turkmen 3%, others 10%. Thus, if recalculated by population weights of ethnic groups, the frequency of Q in Afghans will be 6.3%.
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  111. ^ Nahar Gazi, Nurun; et al. Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations of Bangladesh: Evaluating the Gene Flow along the Sides of Bay-of-Bengal. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e75064. PMC 3794028  . PMID 24130682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075064. 
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