^The realization of the phoneme /r/ varies; some speakers pronounce it as an approximant [ɻ] virtually identical to that used for real in the western United States, while others pronounce it as a tap [ɾ], similar to the pronunciation of ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩ between vowels in American and Australian English. When geminated, it may be pronounced as a lengthened approximant [ɻː], a tap [ɾ], or a trill [r].
^Speakers that realise ⟨r⟩ as [ɹ] realise short ⟨er⟩ as [ɝ] or [ə˞].
^Any unstressed vowel for some speakers or occasional filler vowel in between orthographical cluster consonants.
^Consonants occur both long and short word-medially and word-finally.
參考文獻
Hume, Elizabeth. Coronal consonant, front vowel parallels in Maltese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 1996, 14 (1): 163–203.
